Chapter 2: Literature Review
In this chapter, the concept of authenticity will be discussed and analyzed as a general construct and in the context of branding and marketing, as well as the authentic leadership traits attributed to individuals, alongside a brief overview of the social media networks and the authentic behaviour of their users online. As many artists act as brands today and reveal detailed information about themselves while engaging with their followers through social media networks, studying the effects of such direct-to-fan communication on authenticity may be useful to artists, management and record labels, as it threatens the established models of creating artist identity.
Authenticity
The phenomenon of authenticity has been examined by investigating authenticity attributes (Beverland, 2005a; Leigh et al., 2006), authenticity forms (Beverland, Lindgreen, and Vink, 2008), the influence of personal goals on authenticating (Beverland and Farrelly, 2009), hyper-authenticity in television viewing (Rose and Wood, 2005), authenticity cues (Grayson and Martinec, 2004), staged authenticity in the tourist and leisure sector (Chhabra, 2005, Goulding, 2000, Goulding, 2001, MacCannell, 1973 and Wang, 1999), and authenticity negotiation and commoditization (Cohen, 1988).
In business research, the construct of authenticity has been used in different ways to imply different meanings, commonly referring to the genuineness or the originality of something and often associated with concepts such as being natural or honest (Kennick, 1985; Fine, 2003; Boyle, 2003). Authenticity is often personally or socially constructed (Grayson and Martinec, 2004; Leigh et al., 2006) and tends to be experienced differently, as individuals (Sheldon, ...
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...itively evaluate brand extensions when they gauge the similarities between the parent brand category and the extension category (Aaker and Keller 1990; Boush and Loken 1991; Dawar 1996; Herr, Farquhar, and Fazio 1996) and, given artists are also considered to be authentic, if they uphold the traditions of their music genres (Peterson, 1997; McLeod, 2006), it is argued that fans perceive artists as brand extensions of their genre and therefore, the Brand Extension Authenticity (BAE) conceptual definition is adopted alongside the developed BEA inventory for the purpose of this research. Similarly, given artists are the driving force and inspiration within their respective communities of followers (REF????, ????), it is contended that the authentic leadership concepts and scales could be applied as a measuring device for the purpose of evaluating artists authenticity.
Hesiod’s Theogony and the Babylonian Enuma Elish are both myths that begin as creation myths, explaining how the universe and, later on, humans came to be. These types of myths exist in every culture and, while the account of creation in Hesiod’s Theogony and the Enuma Elish share many similarities, the two myths differ in many ways as well. Both myths begin creation from where the universe is a formless state, from which the primordial gods emerge. The idea of the earth and sky beginning as one and then being separated is also expressed in both myths.
In the play Doubt, by John Patrick Shanly, Sister Aloysius is treating Father Flynn unfairly. Sister Aloysius is the principal of St. Nichols School, who is suspicious and always doubt everyone, especially Father Flynn. She thinks that Father Flynn is guilty, but has no proof. Sister Aloysius doesn’t like Father Flynn in the school and his ideas. She treats him unfairly. Sister Aloysius treats Father Flynn unfairly when she still accuses Father Flynn of giving the altar wine to Donald Muller after Father Flynn tells her the truth. She treats him unfairly by forcing him to request the transfer without proving if Father Flynn is guilty or not and also makes him resign by lying about his past.
He also talks about effective branding being based in authenticity. He advocates being ourselves, saying we are at our most confident when we are being our true selves. “One of the greatest joys of human existence is to find your true place,” says author, Brian Tracy (Tracy, 2012). Allowing ourselves to be who we were meant to be helps us synchronize our wants, needs and purpose. Walking in our purpose translates into value for those we serve.
Authenticity within the culture of popular music is an issue that has been discussed for many years as it can be a huge selling point, it can cause society to either loathe or love a performing artist on how 'authentic' their persona and music is. Moore (2002) brings forward this idea in the article ‘Authenticity as Authentication’:
In an effort to understand the questionnaire, one must first understand the definition of an Authentic Leader. Genuine, trustworthy and reliable are a few words that are interchangeable with the term authentic. Authentic leaders exhibit qualities of confidence, transparency, and high moral standard and are usually very confident (Gardner, Avolio, Luthans, May and Walumbwa, 2005). A person that is considered to be authentic is one who taking account for their behavior and a person who is true to themselves and what they think. A quality of an authentic leader is that he/she exudes the level of authenticity through their actions that encourage others to want to behave the same way. The leader who acts in this manner believes that all individuals have something to contribute to a goal and
1. The identity theory (reductive materialism) states that mental states are brain states. Basically each mental state/process is the same as the physical state or process(es) within the brain. What they say about the mind is that the mind is just the brain and mental states are brain states.
When it is time for me to fill out any form that asks me to check my ethnicity I become confused. My confusion comes from the difficulty of not finding my ethnicity on one of the boxes and the assumption of others who sees me differently. The assumption of me being either from India or Bangladesh becomes an astonishing revelation when I say that I am not from either country. I identify myself as Guyanese Indian. I was born in Guyana by native Guyanese parents. However, my grandparents and great grandparents originated from Kolkata India. They were slaves who worked on sugar plantations in India and then transported to European colonies to continue their work.
The view of identity seems to be defined by facial features and social constructed views. Depending on the recent look of someone it may just be more then just color but also background. In this essay I will explain how I relate to some recent views based on philosophers I may agree and disagree with in order to describe my identity. Identity is much more then just being labeled as a race, it can be based on much more.
The identity theory of mind holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain thus particular psychological states are identical with particular type of physical state. Many objections have been lay out by philosophers who have evaluated this theory one objection that is particularly strong is the Martian and octopus criticism which state that if identity theory is true, than these species should not feel pain, but if they do feel pain than identity theory is not true.
Identity can be described as the way we view ourselves; the way that we distinguish ourselves from others while also comparing our similarities. In other words identity is what makes someone unique and average at the same time. To start off with I was born and raised in Jamaica for 6 years with my parents, but due to the fact that my parents were offered an opportunity to attend school in America they dove for a chance of a better life. My first home was in Jefferson, Missouri where it seemed like it snowed every day. White sheets of snow would cover every inch of the city, no stone or rock was left without an inch of snow. The city was so beautiful to me because it would always light up in front of my eyes. The people there was so nice that
utilize social media websites causing their fans to feel “like they ‘know’ them through their
Who am I? Wrestling with identity— our history, our culture, our language— is central to being human, and there’s no better way to come to grips with questions of identity than through the crossing of borders. The transcendence of borders reveals the fluid nature of identity, it challenges absurd notions of rigid nationalities, and highlights our common humanity. It is no coincidence, then, that my experience as an immigrant has shaped my academic journey and pushed me to pursue graduate studies.
Spirituality can have many different definitions, depending on who is asked. It can be something as simple as looking for a higher meaning to life, or something so complex that one can base their beliefs, religion and overall life around it. There are several different ways to express one's spirituality; rituals, songs, dances, stories, and writings are all common methods of expression.
“Perhaps it’s impossible to wear an identity without becoming what you pretend to be” (Card). This quote from Ender’s Game gives the reader the impression that identity is just something they can wear and that they will become the identity that the impersonate. A definition of identity from the Oxford English Dictionary states, “The fact of being who or what a person or thing is” (Identity). This old definition entails that a person’s identity is just who they are. It is also heard that people say anybody can be anything they want to be. These two ideas put together create a definition of identity that means a person’s identity can be whatever they choose it to be. However, a person's true identity cannot simply be worn as a mask, so this definition cannot be true and must be changed. A person's true