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Literature on diversity in the workplace
Evaluate the impact of cultural differences on international business performance in the international market
Why and when does culture matter in international business
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Recommended: Literature on diversity in the workplace
Mosaic of Management Styles Management styles differ with each country, region and industry. From varying leadership styles, religious beliefs, geography to social mores to gender differences, there are many challenges facing managers in today’s global economy. I work for a global medical device and software industry where we have offices and regional management structures across the globe. I’ve had the privilege of working with managers and team members in the UK and European markets and have noticed many differences between how we manage staff, resources and clients. While we have commonalities in the product we’re implementing or presenting to clients or even the language we speak, in the end, we conduct business differently depending on the country or region we’re from. In analyzing Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture we can better understand the cultural differences between the U.S. and Europe. (Hall, 2014) “The cultural dimensions represent independent preferences for one state of affairs over another that …show more content…
Femininity dimension are the roles and behaviors according to gender (Hall, 2014). There are some masculine and feminine cultures that behave differently. Masculine cultures represent “achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material rewards for success”. (National Culture) In comparison the feminine culture represents “cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life”. (National Culture) I am unfortunately seeing many similarities between most European business units and the U.S. when it comes to this dimension because there are many males in management and VP positions. I don’t see or interact with many females in upper management or beyond. I’ve found that in our industry of medical software and hardware, the field is currently predominately male. There are many software engineers and field service engineers (working on equipment) helping the company grow the software and service our equipment in the
Masculinity reflect that power distribution between men and women in organization. Today 21 century still some country has not given same authority to women what men have in corporate. So that men always dominant to women. A high score (men 's) in this activity demonstrates that the overall population will be pushed by the achievement, the acknowledgment and fulfillment, with execution portrayed by the victor / best in the field –its starting from the school and proceeds along the climate of organization. If low score (female) in the scale implies that always dealing with other individuals caring and personal satisfaction and give value them. The analysis on gender basis it’s viewed that Germany has scored 66 male work in organization. It means male has more power, assertiveness and achievement compare to female in
Sexism is a major factor in the workforce.Today male and female have a hard time breaking into the opposite gender dominated fields. This has happened because of the media, it has showed us that male have certain “right” jobs, as well as female. Female still dominate traditional female professions like cosmetology jobs are 92.9 percent women working them(Wolfe). If a man were to get into cosmetology they would most likely be judged for having that job, because we stereotype that they can't have a feminine job. Women have a harder time getting into high level positions. “Women make up only 21 of the S&P’s 500 CEOs,” (Berman). This has happened because the media has set in place stereotypes that it is wrong for women to have high level positions. It is getting better, in 2013 women chief financial officers increased 35 percent at large U.S. companies from 2012 (Frier and Hymowitz). The job market for men and women is still unfair but it is starting to get equal.
Hofstede has identified five different cultural dimensions. These dimensions include power-distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance and lastly long term orientation. According to Hofstede, power distance is the first dimension which translates to how all individuals in a society aren't equal and there is a decent amount of inequality when it comes to the division of power. The second dimension involves the theme of individualism which translates to the degree of interdependence as well as how we identify ourselves in terms of "I" or "We". Additionally, Hofstede states that in individualist societies we tend to look only after ourselves and our blood family, however, in collectivistic societies individuals identify themselves as part of groups and take care of each other in exchange for loyalty. The third dimension would be masculinity/ femininity. A high score would translate to a masculine culture which demonstrates a culture driven by competition, achievement and success. On the other hand, a low score which demonstrates a feminine culture shows that the dominant traits involves caring for others and quality of life. The fourth dimension involves uncertainty avoidance which translates to how a society deals with not knowing how the future is going to turn out. This amount of vagueness brings about anxiety and different cultures deal with this issue differently. The fifth and final cultural dimension according to Hofstede is long term orientat...
I’ve chosen to compare management styles between two countries, my home country of the USA and Switzerland.
The concept of gender in relation to the division of labor in the workplace, and in relation to issues of power and control is an unfortunate, groundless stereotype. Suzanne Tallichet notes that the gendered division of workplace labor is rooted in flawed ideology of innate sex differences in traits and abilities, and operates through various control mechanisms. (Tallichet 1995: 698) These control mechanisms are primarily exercised by men over women and serve to exaggerate differences between the sexes, especially surrounding women’s presumed incapability for doing male identified work.
Cultural Differences in Hofstede’s Six Dimensions According to Professor Geert Hofstede, dimensionalizing a culture requires a complex analysis of a multitude of categories including differing nations, regions, ethnic groups, religions, organizations, and genders. Hofstede defines culture as "the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another". Throughout his many years of contribution as a social scientist, he has conducted arguably the most comprehensive study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture, leading to the establishment of the Six Dimensions of National Culture. From this research model, the dimensions of Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long Term Orientation, and Indulgence are defined according to their implication on individual countries, which when comparatively examined provide a broad understanding of cultural diversity as it relates to the workplace. Identification and Definition of the Six Dimensions In initially defining each of Hofstede's dimensions, a foundational understanding of the six categories is established, from which a greater understanding of different cultures can be built off of.
In the article, Cultural constraints in management theories, Geert Hofstede examines business management around the globe from a cultural perspective. He explains how he believes there are no universal practices when it comes to management and offers examples from the US, Germany, France, Japan, Holland, China and Russia. He demonstrates how business management theories and practices are very much subject to cultural norms and values and by understanding these differences, it can give managers an advantage in global business practices.
Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. D. (2010). International Management: Strategy and Culture in the Emerging
Critics of Hofstede’s work argue that Hofstede’s study is flawed and outdated; for example, Hofstede’s analysis has a static and polarized vision of culture and is believed to be stable over time, whereas now with globalization, internationalization and convergence of cultures, cultures are rapidly changing (Fang 2009). Despite Hofstede’s work being nothing short of controversial, his work on culture, which Hofstede (1980, 1981) defines, as “the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others,” is still the most cited in the field of cross-cultural management in existence (Bond 2002). Furthermore, Hofstede’s groundbreaking research has successfully allowed for other cross-cultural scholars to comprehend and grasp the challenging concept of national cultural stereotypes in measurable and concrete terms (Fang
Over the decades there have been many things females have done to better themselves and their families. One of these amazing things females have done is implemented themselves into the work field. Even though females have done so much, they are still not considered equal to men within the work field. Within many companies men hold the title for the leadership positions. This includes both private and public sectors and almost every rung on the career spectrum. Men also receive more pay than females (GenderAcrossBorders, 2016).
Ngirwa, C. C., Euwema, M., Babyegeya, E., & Stouten, J. (2013). Leaders styles of managing
...Harris, Sarah V. Moran (2011). Managing Cultural Differences, Leadership Skills and Strategies for Working in a Global World. 8th ed. UK: Elsevier Inc.. 10-25.
It is true to say that globalisation is a two-way street. As international business and trade continue to grow, models of organisations and approaches to management are beginning to merge; nevertheless it remains imperative for firms to understand and govern across the myriad of cultural differences which still exist. These differences seem most apparent in China, where managerial values are deeply rooted in archaic and powerful culture. Some authors argue that even with a certain degree of convergence between Chinese and Western cultures, such convergence does have its restrictions.
The problem with actually mapping these differences is that the successful male managerial stereotype is so strongly embedded in organisational life that female managers are pressured to conform to it, thereby confusing research results.
Miroshnik, V. (2002). Culture and international management: a review' The Journal of Management Development 21(7): 521-544