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Bhabha’s hybridity challenges the certainty of the hierarchical notion that it must have the superiority and inferiority, controller and the controlled in cultural collision. Conversely, Bhabha suggests that all the cultural relation is ambiguous, full of exceeding, hybrid, and potential of subversion. In Bhabha’s narration, hybridity lets the boundary become a place of advantage to resist and interrupt the discourse of race, nation, and hegemony. As Bhabha delineates, it is “a turning of boundaries and limits into the in-between spaces through which the meanings of cultural and political authority are negotiated” (Bhabha 1990, 4). For Bhabha, hybridity is developed from this “in-between” space of the colonizer’s culture and the colonized’s …show more content…
The meaning of the utterance is quite literally neither the one or the other….there is no way that the content of the proposition will reveal the structure of its positionality; no way that context can be mimetically read off from the content. (Bhabha 1994, …show more content…
“The Third Space of enunciation” disrupts the consistency between the meaning and the reference, “makes the structure of meaning and reference an ambivalent process,” which consequently leads to the challenge of “our sense of the historical identity of culture as a homogenizing, unifying force, authenticated by the originary Past.” As a result, although the third space is “unrepresentable in itself,” it, in Bhabha’s words, “constitutes the discursive conditions of enunciation that ensure that the meaning and symbols of culture have no primordial unity or fixity; that even the same signs can be appropriated, translated, rehistoricized and read anew.” This ability of enunciation, crossing the limit of time, lays a foundation for the postcolonial writing and reading to overthrow the authority of the colonial discourse and articulate for self. In many postcolonial writings, “it is the problem of how, in signifying the present, something comes to be repeated, relocated and translated in the name of tradition, in the guise of a pastness that is not necessarily a faithful sign of historical memory but a strategy of representing authority in terms of the artifice of archaic” (Bhabha 1994, 35). Through deconstructing, rereading, and modifying traditions from their own
Hybridization is exhibited when Mrs. Azad says, “Listen, when I’m in Bangladesh I put on a sari and cover my head and all that. But here I go out to work. I work with white girls and I’m just one of them. If I want to come home and eat curry, that’s my business. Some women spend ten, twenty years here and they sit in the kitchen grinding spices all day and learn only two words of English,” (Ali 89). Mrs. Azad is a woman of Bangladesh descent, yet she is now living in a Western culture and has a willingness to adapt. On the surface it appears as if Mrs. Azad was completely westernized from life in London, but deep down one can see that she is still holding onto her Bangladeshi roots. In addition, Mrs. Azad is portraying hybridization through the clothes she wears in London, to the food she eats, and even the language because she has learned the English language. The neighborhood of Brick Lane is hybridization in itself, since it is a small ethnic mélange neighborhood in the major city of London. In addition, the idea of hybridization is criticized, and an example of this is when Mrs. Islam says, “But if you mix with all these people, even if they are good people, you have to give up your culture to accept theirs. That’s how it is,” (Ali 16). This exemplifies the fact that even though people mix with other cultures, they
Recently, there has been growing interest in cultural studies and especially postcolonial studies. As mentioned in the previous chapters, one of the most criticized terms in the postcolonial cultural criticism is the concept is hybridity. As far as the notion of hybridity is considered, Bhabha is a key figure in the developments of the term. For the reading of colonial and postcolonial texts, Bhabha has presented a conceptual vocabulary, some of which are hybridity, ambivalence and mimicry. Leitch et al. have written that Bhabha “has infused thinking about nationality, ethnicity, and politics with poststructuralist theories of identity and indeterminacy” (2001, 2377). It is worth mentioning that the theories of Sigmun Freud, Jaques Lacan, Jaques
This making of minds lies at the core of the making of identity. Colonialist and post-colonialist discourses rest on this idea of changing the matrix of relationships between perceivers and targets and making and remaking minds. The west, according to Edward Said, has historically used a colonial discou...
In the impoverished imagination of the multiculturalist, all those who do not belong by birth to the predominant culture are engaged in a united struggle against its oppressive and illegitimate hegemony.” Dalrymple is explaining that with the increasingly pluralistic character of modern Western society there is an increasing belief that all cultural traditions and perspectives represented in the public deserve to be heard at every level. However all those who do not belong to the ‘dominant Western culture’ are living on the fringes of society. In order for multicultural coexistence to work it requires goodwill from all parties. It requires tolerance towards other’s religious and moral values to an extent. Religious tolerance is not a value universally admired within the immigrant cultures of showcased Indian families. A Muslim patient of Dalrymple had fallen in love with a young Sikh boy. Once the Muslim girl’s family found out about the relationship its outcome resulted in violence. The Sikh boy was machete and forced into hiding by the Muslim’s girl’s brothers. Although the brothers were tried in court and regarded as delinquents to the rest of society, the members of their community thought the girl’s brothers behaved in an honorable and decent way. They had broken the law in pursuing their blood feud and risking
vi), hybridity involves an integration of two “relatively distinct forms, styles, cross-cultural contact or identities that often occurs across national borders, as well as cultural boundaries”. In colonial context, hybridity is closely related to Bhabha’s colonial mimicry. In fact, colonial mimicry results in the formation of hybrid identity. Bhabha states that “colonial mimicry is the desire for a reformed, recognizable Other, as a subject of difference that is almost the same, but not quite” (Bhabha, 1994, p. 122). Bhabha’s colonial mimicry is in the perspective of the colonized, to question the authority of the colonizer. In this case, Prayer’s hybridity becomes appropriate in justifying the formation of hybrid identity because it shows the attempt of the colonizer to create a new identity for the colonized to maintain its dominance over the
“The subaltern studies is certainly related to south Asia history, as Gramsci was related to Italy, its theoretical position, of studying how the continuity of supposedly pre-political insurgency brings culture to crisis and confronts power would make post-colonial studies more conventionally political. One major difference is that the disciplinary connection of post-colonial studies is to literary criticism rather than history and the social science. Subaltern studies has not pursed oral history as unmediated narrative, and its investigation and testimony have generally confined themselves to legal
...s that Bhabha only views hybridity through the lens of the individual who wishes to adopt and synthesize his personal identity and does not account for the normativization of fluidity and change and the recognition that certain aspects of cultures cannot be blended. He also claims that Bhabha does not address the infinite ability to question and renegotiate identity; the idea that identity formation is exclusively individualistic and not related to notions of community inclusion or exclusion. Kompridis’ essay enlightens the reader’s understanding of how hybridity has been used to render conceptually and normatively, indefensible the political claims of culture by skewing the social understanding of cultural identity. Kompridis’ analysis is important because it demonstrates how Othering discourse fails to recognize the identity and nonidentity of cultural categories.
This stands good for Ngugi who seems to believe in the saying that pen is mightier than the sword in the neo-colonial setup. To give expression to colonized experience, postcolonial writers sought to undercut thematically and formally the discourses which supported the myths of power, the race classifications, and the imagery of subordination in the era of colonization. Ngugi takes great pain in showing how ordinary people, particularly in Kenya, are trapped in their own complex motives and values, which pushes them to sudden acts of cowardice or courage. Ngugi’s work remains a quest for identity, emphasizing the fact that decolonization is a psychological process, advocating freedom rather than the geographical freedom. .Through, “Decolonising the mind” Ngugi argues that when African writers produce texts in English, French, German, Portuguese, or any other European language, they are writing in the languages of their oppressors. He feels that they are giving up their cultural independence and abandoning the languages used by the people of their nations. He wants these languages preserved to pass down to new generations the traditions and customs of their cultures. Ngugi is an opponent of the current global spread of English and argues that this language is a form of linguistic imperialism. He is of the view that this language expansion should be halted, especially in postcolonial countries where English was previously language of oppression. Ngugi’s basic premise is that colonialism persists today, less visibly though insidiously, as a form of cultural and linguistic invasion. He states that hegemony is achieved through education, schools, church and political system Ngugi’s exhortation on using native languages as the indispensable medium of his writings is more about resurrecting the African soul from slavery, denigration and imperialism. Ngugi argues that writing in native
According to Ashcroft, Griffith, and Tiffin “Othering describes the various ways in which colonial discourse produces its subjects. In Spivak’s explanation, othering is a dialectical process because the colonizing other is established at the same time as its colonized others are produced as subjects” (156). According to Leino et al Otherness occurs or is enacted when the policies, practices, and/or culture of a dominant group habitually exclude, demoralize, debate or disfigure other groups in order to ensure the dominant group’s cohesiveness and identity” (100). Gingrich points out the influence of Spivak and suggests that Spivak’s influence on anthropological writing appears to have beenstronger than that of Bhaha.Spivak often points out the highly problematic nature of terms like “Third World,” “Orient” and “Indian”. For her, as for Said, these terms are essentialist categories whose meanings hinge on binary oppositions that are of dubious usefulness because of their history and arbitrary
Both the poems, explore the inner conflict between the native culture and the imposition of European culture on it. It also dramatizes the search of West Indies’ historical quest of individual and social identity. West Indies has no native historical memory. Its history started with the era of colonization, therefore, it is not their history but of the colonizers. Owing to their lack of past and present historical memory, the natives like Walcott are not able to determine their identity. Are they West Indian or English? They are black but equipped with a white mind and language. Their identity has been divided. Their lack of indigenous history, culture and traditions has made it impossible to erase the colonial influence. Thus, they are nameless fireflies stuck in molasses.
The term ‘hybrid’ became popular in discussions of ‘globalisation’, multiculturalism, cultural criticism, and postcolonial theory since the 1990s (Brah and Coombes 2000:1). Post-colonial studies emerged as a reaction to the fixity of identities within the binary colonial thinking. For instance, hybridisation receives further development in Bhabha’s (1994) notion of ‘third space’ with regard to cultural exchange. Bhabha’s ‘third space’ is an ambivalent site where cultural meaning and representation have no ‘primordial unity or fixity’ (1994: 21) and ‘enables Other positions to emerge’ (Bhabha in Rutherford, 1990: 211). Bhabha argues that the new hybrid constructions contain multiple voices, practices and feelings and set up ‘new structures of authority, new political initiatives’ (1990: 211). Thus the third space is not a physical space but a ‘separate space’ through which ‘newness enters the world’ (Bhabha, 1994: 227). It opens up ‘the negotiation of contradictory and antagonistic instances’ (Bhabha, 1994: 25) and becomes a space of complex negotiations, where polarities are blurred and different discourses emerge continuously.
Here Rhys also shows how language is used as the resistance to post-colonial discourse: Christophine is wholly in control of their dialogue. Jean Rhys rewrites the history of the colonized in Jamaica and gives the voice to the colonized. More importantly, she rectifies the stereotypes that the westerns, especially the Orientalists imposed on the colonized. So to speak, like other Postcolonial literatures, Wide Sargasso Sea is a result of the interaction between the prototyped imperial culture and the indigenous cultural practices, and it successfully challenge colonial values and
Migration, the movement of people from one area to another, results in the introduction of new ideas and styles of living. Often times, these new ideas conflict with a person’s previous ideas causing dilemma; the person’s dilemma leads to the hybridization of two ideas or cultures. “Bharat Changes His Image”, by Yasmine Gooneratne, should remain in the Migrations unit because the characters struggle to find a balance between Sri Lankan and Australian cultures while establishing themselves in their new home. Their actions and struggles parallel the unit’s essential questions and enduring understandings.
In postcolonial literature, the suppression of the qualities of the writer’s culture and language goes against the very reasons of the act of writing. This case is just like when questions of fidelity are raised about translated works.
These works of literature are not solely colonialist narratives. Postcolonialism includes a wide range of writers and subjects. The different experience each ex-colony faced, caused different geographical, historical, religious, social, and economic concerns and these are portrayed in each author 's novels (Ivison). Some wrote inspiringly about the struggle for independence while others focused on the conflicting interest of the natives under and after colonialists. When criticizing literature from a Postcolonial view there are elements that help us characterize it as fitting into this category of literature. The first characteristic of Postcolonialism is the appropriation of colonial languages. This is when language if their colonizer is used adding pieces of their own original language it. The second characteristic is that it is a metanarrative. This is when they show a different point of view of a story. Another aspect this type of literature has is colonialism and colonial discourse. Rewriting history is also found in this type of literature. European colonizers often thought that the people they colonized had no history, culture, or tradition. To take back what was lost or misbelieved these novels share the history of their country before the Europeans came. And last all Postcolonial literature shares decolonization struggles