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Biology 20 photosynthesis
Biology 20 photosynthesis
Iegcse biology notes on photosynthesis
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Recommended: Biology 20 photosynthesis
Algal Pigments
All photosynthesizing plants have certain pigments in them by which
they capture sunlight. All plants have in common the photosynthetic
pigment of chlorophyll, but the other accessory pigments as different.
These accessory pigments can be the same between two red algae, or two
green algae. In this lab a red, green and brown algae will be used to
extract the photosynthetic pigments from. We will also be extracting
the photosynthetic pigments from Coleus sp., which is a red land plant
leaf and, and compare the accessory pigments of this to the red algae.
Methods and Materials
We used two different kinds of red algae for this experiment. The
first was Polysiphonia sp. and the second Porphyra sp. The green algae
were Entreromorpha linza, and the brown algae were Fucus gardneri. The
test plant we used to compare against the red algae was Coleus sp.
A different procedure was conducted for extracting pigments from the
different colors of algae. The red algae were grinded using both water
and 90% acetone in order to get all the pigments out. The green algae
was crushed in 90% acetone only, and the brown algae was placed in
DMSO and then in 90% acetone. We used the same technique for Coleus
sp. was as we did for the red algae.
A spectrophotometric analysis was taken of each of the seven total
samples.
Polysiphonia sp. was not used in the spectrophotometric analysis
because it did not seem to work as well as the Porphyra sp. when we
were extracting the pigments.
Results
The attached graphs show the spectropotometric analysis of each sample
taken. These graphs have the peaks labeled with their corresponding
photosynthetic pigments. Below is a list of the species, and the
wavelength peaks they had.
Species
Wavelengths
Porphyra in water
418 nm, 436 nm, 496 nm, 562 nm, 620 nm, 680 nm
Porphyra in acetone
414 nm, 432 nm, 480 nm, 620 nm, 664 nm
Enteromorpha in acetone
434 nm, 458 nm, 664 nm, 656 nm
The Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), is a small freshwater mollusk that is an invasive species. It has slowly been making its way into the United States. It has done this by showing up in lakes and in rivers. The mussels get their name due to the striped pattern on their shells. They are a relatively small species, only growing to the size of a human finger nail but there have been cases of larger (“Zebra Mussels,” 2013, para. 2). Mussels live a short life span of 4-5 years and most do not make into adulthood. They live in freshwater at depths of 6 to 24 feet. The female produces 30,000 to 1,000,000 eggs per year starting at the age of two. Zebra Mussels are free moving and can move with an external organ called the byssus (“Zebra Mussels,” 2013, para. 3). But they can be moved around by currents and other objects too. Zebra Mussels are a threat to ecosystems. They damage the natural habitat of lakes and rivers and cause negative effects to the native aquatic life. They multiply in vast majority casing a lake of food and space for other animals. And also the U.S. has spent millions on the removal of these pests from our water (“Zebra Mussels,” 2014, para. 8). The Zebra Mussel has now made its way into Colorado. Just a few has been found in the waters of Colorado but a few is enough to cause a big stir. Extreme precautions have now been put into effect to make sure that the threat of Zebra Mussels is under control.
Making a cyanotype for the first time was a fun experience. A cyanotype is blueprint (literally) that makes a silhouette of the object. It was an early kind of photograph that was created by John Herschel (Stulik, 4). As I learned the process of making the cyanotype and made two prints myself, I noticed that it is similar as taking a picture with a camera when it comes to their uses and processes
The first to use native dye plants in the United States were the Native Americans. Their culture was totally dependent on what the land produced. This is reflected in the wealth of information Native Americans possessed about useful plants, from medicinal to ceremonial and dye plants. This is reflected in the types of houses they built and the names of places (often after the plants that grew there). Early European colonists foolishly ignored the wisdom of the Native Americans and modern Americans are not much wiser. Americans need to learn about the plants and animals in our own country and how they can be useful to mankind. Instead of bringing non-adapted species of Europe to North America we need to learn what native adapted species can fulfill our needs and wants (Gilmore 1977). For example, we spend thousands of dollars feeding, sheltering, and caring for European cattle when we have native bovines, bison which are naturally adapted to the climate and environment. Melvin Randolph Gilmore sums this idea up well in the following quote:
Both James and his mother Ruth struggled to find their cultural identities. Growing up Ruth hid her past from her children; as a result, James suffered struggling to stay afloat to find his identity. It was not until James became a young adult that his mother chose to paint the true picture of her rough past, helping James accept who he is and understand where he came from.
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
A streak for isolation is made on the plate. In addition, check plate for hemolysis. Look for the organism’s ability to produce hemolysin. Bacteria with hemolysin will generate different patterns. To start with, partially green around the colony is alpha. Secondly, complete clearing around the colony is betta. Thirdly, cloudiness or no result is gamma. The controls are K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, and S. saprophyticus in order based on previous results.
filters and count the number of oxygen bubbles given off using a pencil dot technique. Prediction I predict that with a blue filter the photosynthetic rate will be the as blue is a highly absorbent color it also has a short wavelength carries the most energy. The color to have the least photosynthetic rate will be green as it has quite a short wavelength so a lot of energy will be reflected by the plant and not absorbed in the sand. Yellow and orange will have average photosynthetic rates. although orange will be slightly more as it is more absorbent than yellow even low it has a longer wavelength and does not carry as much.
ALBINISM Albinism. The word albinism refers to a group of inherited conditions. People with albinism have little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair. Recently a test has been developed to identify carriers of the gene for ty-neg albinism and for other types in which the tyrosianase enzyme does not function. The test uses a sample of blood to identify the gene for the tryrosinase enzymes by its code in DNA. The above test does not apply to to one type of albinism, called X-linked ocular albinism. For X-linked inheritance, the gene for albinism is located on an X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males only have one X and one Y chromosome. This X-linked albinism accurs exclusively in males. The gene is passed from mothers who carry it to their sons. The mothers have subtle eye changes which an ophthalmogist could identigy, but mothers usually have normal vision. For each son born to a mother who carries the gene, there is one in two chance of having X-linked ocular albinism. The description is a hereditary deficiency pigmentation. This could involve the entire body or part of the body. This is believed to be caused by an enzyme deficiency involving the metabolism of melanin during prenatal development. This can be inherited by an dominant or recessive trait. In complete albinism, there is lack of pigmentation in skin and hair, as well as in retinal and iris tissue; in incomplete albinism, skin and hair may vary from pale to normal; in ocular albinism, function may vary from norma to impaired. Impairments may involve the retina and iris. If a person has albinism then they usually have somewhere between 20/70 and 20/200 visual. Ty-Neg albinism or also called type 1A results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. An amino acid is a building block of protien. Albinism is passed from parent to their kid through genes. For nearly all types of albinism both parent must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance.
Why is a plant that was proclaimed by Popular Mechanics magazine to have the potential to be manufactured into more than 25,000 different environmentally friendly...
The second part of this lab deals with photosynthesis. This lab has several experiments. In the first experiment students will learn about the effects that different colored test tubes have on photosynthesis in elodea sprigs.
Hcl. Under the conical flask I put a white piece of paper and put a
Kool-Aid, strawberry ice cream, and Doritos: What do these things have in common? Whether you realize it or not, many ordinary foods contain dyes. Some of the dyes are natural; others are synthetic. Is one better than the other?
Photosynthetic pigments are essential for life because they allow photosynthesis to occur by capturing sunlight which is then used alongside carbon dioxide and water to form organic compounds such as glucose and oxygen. The pigments allow the conversion of light energy to chemical energy which other organisms can benefit from. Oxygen is utilised by other organisms in aerobic respiration. The different pigments present in the chloroplasts allow a wide variety of wavelengths of light to be absorbed for efficient photosynthesis and provide colours to the plant to attract pollinators.
Many stains and dyes were used in the experiments. They were water, methylene blue, salts, and iodine. In our studies of cells, we conducted three experiments to test the different features of cells. The first two experiments were on how membranes were selectively permeable, diffusion, and osmosis.