Stereotyping the Smoker: Adolescents’ Appraisals of Smokers in Film
The research question of this paper was, “is smoking among adolescents connected to smoking imagery in media, such as films” (McCool, Cameron & Petrie, 2004, p. 308)? It has been shown that a higher rate of viewing films, with smoking images, increases the likelihood of an adolescent smoking (McCool, Cameron & Petrie, 2004, p. 314). The objective of this article is to find a connection between stereotypes of smokers in films and its ability to aid in the likeliness of an adolescent to take up smoking behaviors (McCool, Cameron & Petrie, 2004, p. 308).
The hypothesis that these researches presented was that smoking likeliness after seeing it in films was predicted to depend greatly on “sociodemographic” variables, primarily being age, gender, smoking status, and ethnic group.
Operationalization was done through questionnaire surveys. 15 elementary schools and 10 high schools in Auckland, New Zealand were researched for these “sociodemographic” influences (McCool, Cameron & Petrie, 2004, p. 308). The age level data was collected on those of year 8, the average age being 12 years old, and year 12, the average age being 16 years old. Data was collected on both male and female genders. Finally, data was collected on Pacific, European, and Asian ethnic groups. No data were collected on people who had more than one ethnic group (McCool, Cameron & Petrie, 2004, p. 309).
The methods used included “setting, participants, procedure, data analysis, and measures”. The setting included a description of the study, how it was designed, and trials. In total there were 3041 students who participated in this study, with a 91% response rate. Data was not gathered on students w...
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.... E., & Sargent, J. D. (2011). Cross-sectional association between smoking depictions in films and adolescent tobacco use nested in a British cohort study. BMJ, 855-861. doi: 10.1123/thoraxjnl-2011-200053 http://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/10/856.full.pdf+html Works Cited
McCool, J. P., Cameron, L., & Petrie, K. (2004). Stereotyping the smoker: Adolescents' appraisals of smokers in film. Tobacco Control, 13(3), 308-314. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.006791 http://www.jstor.org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/stable/pdfplus/20208273.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true Waylen, A. E., Leary, S. D., Ness, A. R., Tanski, S. E., & Sargent, J. D. (2011). Cross-sectional association between smoking depictions in films and adolescent tobacco use nested in a British cohort study. BMJ, 855-861. doi: 10.1123/thoraxjnl-2011-200053
http://thorax.bmj.com/content/66/10/856.full.pdf+html
Tobacco companies have relied on the media to lure children. They quickly realized that ‘the company that dominates is that which most effectively targets young”(Imperial Tobacco document.) To counteract the idea of disease and other negative aspects of tobacco, the industry used imagery in the media such as natural settings and healthy actors doing active things. This helps them to insinuate that smoking leads to success, romance, sophistication and other advancements in their lifestyle, which was easily imprinted in the minds of children. A document found among Imperial tobacco files described their priority: “…having our imagery reach those non-reading young people who frequent malls should be our chief goal.”(1.170) Unaware of how important the under 18 market was to the industry, the government could only attempt to lengthen the distance between schools and billboards because they’re ineffective attempts were ignored by the large corporations. With many billboards concentrated in small areas it put the idea in children’s minds that smoking was socially acceptable and that t...
There is little to no mention of any statistics that might show when, and thereby, why, cigarette smoking gained popularity. The author also fails to provide cultural context in many areas. Alleged masculine values in America are presented as fact, when there is no evidence, aside from the author’s word, that this is true. The arguments would be much stronger had the author successfully differentiated between correlation and causation. At times, the article is unbalanced, such as the argument surrounding post-World War Two advertising. Within the article, it is unproven that there was a spike in cigarette smoking in men. It was also unproven that the advertisements had an effect. The article ignores the possibility that the increase in smoking among men was merely a consequence of reaching a few opinion leaders. As cigarettes are such an addictive product, simple curiosity in the privacy of one’s home may have turned some men into smokers.
As per the American Heart Association in 2013, an expected 23 percent of grown-up men and 18 percent of grown-up ladies in the United States are smokers. What’s even more troubling is the prevalence of juvenile smoking in our society. juvenile smoking is a very real danger among U.S. youngsters and high schoolers. About 25 percent of U.S. secondary school understudies are smokers, and an extra 8 percent use smokeless tobacco items, for example, snuff and plunge. But what is most disheartening, is that 30 percent of all juvenile smokers will become addicted and suffer health related complications due to prolonged smoking. Numerous components play into a kid's choice to attempt tobacco. A craving to seem "cooler", more advanced, or to
Over the last 50 years, smoking and the public image of smoking has changed dramatically. Americans have learned the harmful effects of smoking and have put a heavy disdain on the use of it. The number of new smokers has drastically dropped over the years and many that had previously smoked have stopped. Some have turned to electronic cigarettes as a safer way to intake nicotine. Over the years, smoking advertisements have changed drastically. Nowadays, tobacco advertisements are virtually non-existent in our society, but when they were abundant they depicted smoking as a cool and sophisticated activity. Today, smoking advertisements are shown by electronic cigarette companies. These companies emphasize the healthier lifestyle these products
Chapman, S., Farrelly, M. (2011). Four arguments against the adult rating of movies with smoking scenes. Plos Medicine, 8 (8), 1-3.
While todays major tobacco producers deny that they market to the youth. However, we still see them subliminally targeting children through magazine advertisements, store posters, and Internet ads. In addition, they continue to use product placement strategies in mov...
Studies have been conducted to find if violent movies influence a person’s judgement and violent behavior. Psychologists have said that brutal imagery in films, games, and other media sow aggression in society by rendering viewers insensitive to acts of these type. The long term effects of exposure to these movies depicting murder, rape, robberies, and so on is pernicious. Another study concluded that the crime rate would actually decrease during the showings of these movies because for 2 hours during the movie any violence prone persons that wished to see the movie would be in the theater which meant they wouldn’t be on the streets committing crime. Dr. Michael Rich of Children's Hospital of Boston testified that the correlation between violent media and aggressive behavior is stronger than that of calcium intake and bone mass, lead ingestion and lower IQ, condom non-use and sexually acquired HIV, and environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer, all associations that clinicians accept as fact, and on which pr...
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
According to Slater (2006), many risk-taking teenagers may believe in the use of smoking or alcohol is part of defining who they are. The adolescences who have a reputation of being “cool” or rebellious teenagers believe that they need to smoke to maintain their reputation. Smoking is not considered a health hazard in all cultures. For instance, a young child whose parents are involved in health and wellness will be taught how undesirable smoking is. On the other hand, the family, where the parents smoke, a young child may not be taught about the dangers smoking. Smoking can be a part of certain cultures and at the same time be an example of what not to do in another culture.
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
Tobacco use in film and in television is identified as one of the influential causes for teenage smoking (Sargent). Tobacco use in movies and in television is portrayed as fun, exciting, sexy, and rebellious and connected to wealth and power, it reinforces common advertising themes of the tobacco industry. While glamorizing tobacco may not be the intent of the entertainment industry, the result is that such portrayal encourages tobacco use among young people. Studies undertaken found that youth had a higher risk of smoking initiation as their exposure to movie smoking increased. In addition the youth that were exposed the most to movie smoking were at a higher risk (Increasing Evidence). Conversely, when anti-tobacco messages are included in movies or on television, it has just the opposite impact and may discourage young people from starting to smoke (Pechmann). Extensive tobacco use in movies and television suggests that smoking is more common in society then it actually is. When tobacco use is viewed as a s...
What message is this conveying to our young people? That it is cool to smoke. We all know it has been proven that smoking cigarettes can cause cancer. I would now like to address all the violence, sex and bad language that is seen and heard on television and radio (i.e. talk shows, MTV, etc.). This type of media attracts all various kinds of
In recent years, smoking has started to take over the lives of many teenagers. The number of teenagers smoking has increased dramatically in the last several years. This is a major problem because smoking can lead to sickness and major diseases that can lead to death. Teens tend to participate in this while out of the presence of an adult figure. Although teens should not be smoking in the first place, an adult figure should be around to help insure that their children are doing the right things, even when they are behind sealed doors with their peers. Teenagers as they mature become a model for younger children and when they set the example of smoking can ruin their respectable image to the children that look up to them.
Hagelin, Rebecca. Sexually Suggestive Movies Profoundly Affect Teens . 17 August 2012. 1 December 2013` .
Consumption of tobacco is a complex public health issue and social problems (Kelker et al, 2013). Smoking is the leading cause of a single largest preventable morbidity worldwide (WHO, Tobacco profile, 2011, Spanopoulos et al, 2013). Opening of our society has led to increase in adolescents' smoking, World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated over 1.2 billion are smokers in the world; and nearly six million deaths worldwide each year (WHO, 2011). In 2009 over 80,000 deaths occurred in England as a result of smoking (DOH, 2011). Statistics (Fig 1) shows 150, 000 children between ages 11-15 are regular smokers in England (ASH, 2012; Cancer Research, UK, 2011), 21% of girls a 19% of boys indicating actively smoker (NHS; 2012). However, If current trends persist, one billion people would be killed in the 21st century, 10 million estimated deaths per year will be attributable to its use by 2020 (WHO; 2008). New strategies have to be planned in order to tackle and reduce the consumption of tobacco in the adolescent. This assignment aims to synthesis and evaluate the current evidence on tobacco consumption amongst adolescence in both gender aged between 11-15 years old who are living in Birmingham- West Midlands (UK) . Current polices and strategies which are already in use would be critically appraised, various health behaviors will also be analyzed.