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Essay on phillis wheatley
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It can be argued that Phillis Wheatley has undoubtedly made significant contributions to literature on a grand scale. At the time that she began to showcase her talent for versifying poems, she was faced with the enslavement of her race. It can be argued to what extent someone is being held in slavery actually enslaved. It was inconceivable that a black slave female could achieve such a level of intellect that she was asked to verify that she actually did write her poems. Wheatley’s works have been critical in contrasting the assumption that African Americans were of inferior intellect. She was also criticized for not having her works make direct references to the abolition of slavery, and taking a more radical approach to addressing the institution. Wheatley, in her own right, did not need to take a radical approach to emphasize an anti-slavery message in her works. Through an analysis of the historical context of her poems we begin to see the consistencies and themes in her writing style, which helps readers to identify with the author. We can also identify with her use of religious inferences, classical citations, and unique use of language as instruments that not only highlight her heritage but provide a form of motivation in African American writers. This subtly sets the framework for an anti-slavery movement in her own distinctive way. Her works help to highlight how she is able to combine personal experiences and literary devices to establish her voice. Wheatley utilizes her poetry as an outlet to expose human frailty, and express her belief of racial and religious equivalence. Wheatley’s literature was essential in furthering the abolitionist movement. The goal and purpose of this movement was basically to put an end t... ... middle of paper ... ...economic positioning of African American slaves in America. Wheatley is magnificent in not only expressing her own ideals but also in incorporating the ideas that are evident in other literary works into her own. She is able to effectively utilize her knowledge of the English language and philosophical and religious beliefs in her poems. A few of the ongoing themes of Wheatley’s poetry include freedom, religion, morality, faith, celebration, war, and death. It is extremely essential to mention that Wheatley was the first African American woman to have her work published. Her works were in their own right prototypes for all literature that touched on race during her era. By analyzing Phillis Wheatley’s intellectual capacity we can begin to see that even after having been sold into slavery, she was only as limited as her imagination or faith would have her to be.
Wheatley was born in West Africa around 1750, and was captured when she was 7. John Wheatley purchased Phillis for his wife, Susanna; together they taught Phillis how to read and write, and as early as 12, Phillis was writing poetry and her first poem had been published. Wheatley’s poems implicitly advocated for racial equality, while condemning slavery. Her work received some negative feedback from political figureheads, such as Thomas Jefferson. White America classified a human as having the ability to read, write, and reason; therefore, leaving no room for the uneducated Africans, seeing Africans as nonhuman. Jefferson claimed Wheatley’s work was not literature because the moment he admitted Wheatley’s work was indeed literature, he would have had to admit she was a human being. The way Phillis Wheatley handled the adversity she faced is admirable. Wheatley definitely impacted American history, and “owes her place in history to advocates of inequality” (Young 1999
Readers unfamiliar with Phillis Wheatley may wonder of her background and who she was in particular to be able to gain rights to be mentioned in early American literature. Wheatley was born in 1753 and was captured by Africans, and sold to an American family known as the Wheatley’s. She quickly became a member of the Wheatley family, living in the home, and being tutored on reading and writing.
Throughout the poem, “To the University of Cambridge, in New England”, Phyllis Wheatley suggest that she accepted the colonial idea of slavery, by first describing her captivity, even though this poem has a subversive double meaning that has sent an anti-slavery message. Wheatley’s choice of words indicates that her directed audience was educated at a sophisticated level because of the language chosen. Her audience was assumingly also familiar with the bible because of the religious references used. The bible was used as a reference because of its accessibility. Wheatley uses religious references to subversively warn her readers about slavery and its repercussions and to challenge her reader’s morals.
To further analyze a more spoiled African American of the time, Phillis Wheatley did address the issues of her race as much as Sojourner Truth did. Wheatley mainly wrote “to Whites, for Whites and generally in the Euro-American tradition at that time” (Jamison 408). Her content focused on Christianity, morality, virtue, and other non-African-American-related topics. Her poetry has an underlying attitude of a white, not an African American. She shares the same views and attitude as a Caucasian, therefore she is part of African American literature because she was born into it, but she did not share the particular views and struggles of the African American population. She was heavily praised, because it was not expected from an African such as herself, although her upbringing should be considered. Some white men admired her work, because it was more than
Phillis Wheatley overcame extreme obstacles, such as racism and sexism, to become one of the most acclaimed poets in the 18th Century. Her works are characterized by religious and moral backgrounds, which are due to the extensive education of religion she received. In this sense, her poems also fit into American Poetry. However, she differs in the way that she is a black woman whose writings tackle greater subjects while incorporating her moral standpoint. By developing her writing, she began speaking out against injustices that she faced and, consequently, gave way to authors such as Gwendolyn Brooks and Countee Cullen.
Phillis Wheatley, who is now known as one of America’s most scholarly writers, has made a major impact on American Literature today. Her role in Literature had influenced many African Americans during this time period because it was very uncommon for them to become educated. Her poems made some people realize that they shouldn’t have slaves. Many people say that Phillis Wheately should go down in history as a hero while others say that she should not. Phillis is a historical hero because of the extraordinary courage that she showed by writing her poems while facing the adversities that she encountered. People disagree with this statement because they say that she did not make a difference in history.
Wheatley explains in her works that there is a God that believes in you, no matter what race or religion. The idea of hope is so strongly engraved into Wheatley’s stories because hope is all she had to cling to while in Africa and then while being separated from her husband after arriving in America. A man named John Wheatley purchased Wheatley and gave her a much better life than she ever imagined. From her journey across the ocean upon her arrival to the United States of America, she expressed her love for writing as an illustration of God’s unfailing love to share with people. She became familiar with the true meaning of the bible and God’s providence. God’s providence is how he cares and watches over her during the life’s passage. In “To the University of Cambridge, in New England”, she is able to write to the college students about the main goals. Wheatley heavily emphasizes to them that they should not get so wrapped up in their schoolwork and studies that it hinders their personal relationship with God. By having a balance in schooling and daily walk with God, it will help the student’s life more efficiently than just doing one action. The author’s main point in her poetry
The poetry of Phillis Wheatley is crafted in such a manner that she is able to create a specific aim for each poem, and achieve that aim by manipulating her position as the speaker. As a slave, she was cautious to cross any lines with her proclamations, but was able to get her point across by humbling her own position. In religious or elegiac matters, however, she seemed to consider herself to be an authority. Two of her poems, the panegyric “To MAECENAS” and the elegy “On the Death of a young Lady of Five Years of Age,” display Wheatley’s general consistency in form, but also her intelligence, versatility, and ability to adapt her position in order to achieve her goals.
The level of her intelligence is evident through out her poems as she makes reference to various subjects such as religion and politics. She was one of the pioneers to disprove the majority consensus that Africans are incapable of learning such kinds of knowledge. Although the exact understanding of her identity is ambiguous to many, It is quite clear to see that in her poems she envisioned better times ahead where all regardless of race and color can live in peace and harmony. Through her poems, Wheatley subtly expressed her visions, imaginations of the new world “Columbia” where America will be unified, free from oppression and tyranny.
Walker and Marshall write about an identity that they have found with African-American women of the past. They both refer to great writers such as Zora Neale Hurston or Phillis Wheatley. But more importantly, they connect themselves to their ancestors. The see that their writings can be identified with what the unknown African-American women of the past longed to say but they did not have the freedom to do so. They both admire many literary greats such as Charles Dickens, Virginia Woolf, and Jane Austen, but they appreciate these authors' works more than they can identify with them.
The clash between racial reality and idea is what is artistically shown in “on being brought from Africa to America”. Wheatley is a subtle rebel. At the beginning of her poem she shows thanks for being enslaved because it brought happiness to her life in finding Christianity, but as time goes by we start to see the true tone of Wheatley, which clearly show in the last two lines of the poem, now Wheatley begins to take a big position of power as if she already has the attention of the reader. Wheatley continues by saying that Africans may not be perfect but the Christians who enslave human beings aren’t
Phillis Wheatley was a slave that lived in Massachusetts for the majorities of her life after being brought to the United States. Her master permitted her to study and learn to read and write because she knew her classics so well. In the 18th century she engaged in a certain poetry style. She was part of the Neoclassicism movement, which was new classicism with a modern spin. Wheatley showed great signs of cultural, referencing back to the Greeks, Romans, etc. For example, in “To His Excellency General Washington” the poet states, “Columbia’s scenes of glorious toils I write” (Wheatley Line 2). The poet is referencing back to Columbus to be America’s represented goddess. This is a prime example of Wheatley’s style, which conveys how a classical story is given a modern twist for a neoclassical idea. Wheatley would draw on old classical ideas to make a more modern world. She wrote her poetry on a deeper and wider perspective of the modern process world. Wheatley’s style, form, and content of her poetry used rhyming couplets, along with actual personal experiences. For example, “To His Excellency General Washington” poem was actually a letter written to George Washington during the Revolutionary War to inspire Washington and his soldiers to be successful in this world. This poem conveys the personal
Phillis Wheatley was one of America’s most profound writers who has contributed greatly to American literature and not only as a writer, but also as an African American woman. Phillis has influenced many African Americans by improving their knowledge of and exposure to their native heritage and native literature. As one of America’s most well known writers, Wheatley was said to be the mother of African American Literature. She is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley’s literary contributions are gigantic in nature and differentiate her apart from most writers of her era. Her writings have helped in the construction of the African American tradition and are favored by people of all ethnic backgrounds
The excerpt about Phyllis Wheatly’s philosophical views stood out to me. Although I am unsure as to whether I interpreted the poem accurately, the ideas were such which could easily be related to in this century’s daily life.
Over the course of the century chronicling the helm of slavery, the emancipation, and the push for civil, equal, and human rights, black literary scholars have pressed to have their voice heard in the midst a country that would dare classify a black as a second class citizen. Often, literary modes of communication were employed to accomplish just that. Black scholars used the often little education they received to produce a body of works that would seek to beckon the cause of freedom and help blacks tarry through the cruelties, inadequacies, and inconveniences of their oppressed condition. To capture the black experience in America was one of the sole aims of black literature. However, we as scholars of these bodies of works today are often unsure as to whether or not we can indeed coin the phrase “Black Literature” or, in this case, “Black poetry”. Is there such a thing? If so, how do we define the term, and what body of writing can we use to determine the validity of the definition. Such is the aim of this essay because we can indeed call a poem “Black”. We can define “Black poetry” as a body of writing written by an African-American in the United States that formulates a concentrated imaginative awareness of an experience or set of experiences inextricably linked to black people, characterizes a furious call or pursuit of freedom, and attempts to capture the black condition in a language chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through meaning, sound, and rhythm. An examination of several works of poetry by various Black scholars should suffice to prove that the definition does hold and that “Black Poetry” is a term that we can use.