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Phillis Wheatley in forming early American Identity
Phyllis Wheatley was captured and brought into slavery during the early stages of America’s fight for independence from Colonial British. Just like her fellow African writers of the time, Wheatley had to overcome oppression and prejudices and prove herself to the whites that Africans are very well capable of learning and becoming part of the civilized society. Although some might think Wheatley was confused about by her place in the America, I think otherwise. Not only Wheatley disproved the Europeans opinion on blacks by writing on the ideas that Africans were thought incapable of learning, she also used Christianity as a way to call Americans into harmony free from oppression.
In Colonial America
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blacks or Africans were considered to be inferior and incapable of becoming civilized, or learning high forms of expression such as poems and mathematical calculations. These were the kinds of views Europeans had towards slaves at the time. These views were shared with not only the commoners but even with prominent men in the political arena. The same men, who were advocating ideas of equality and liberty, were reluctant to offer even the basic human rights to Africans just because they had a different skin color. Even though America seems to have been found on a religious and God-fearing background, God’s commandment to treat all men as thou want to be treated did no apply to the slaves of that time. Wheatley was gifted, she wrote poems in her teens and was far ahead of her time.
The level of her intelligence is evident through out her poems as she makes reference to various subjects such as religion and politics. She was one of the pioneers to disprove the majority consensus that Africans are incapable of learning such kinds of knowledge. Although the exact understanding of her identity is ambiguous to many, It is quite clear to see that in her poems she envisioned better times ahead where all regardless of race and color can live in peace and harmony. Through her poems, Wheatley subtly expressed her visions, imaginations of the new world “Columbia” where America will be unified, free from oppression and tyranny.
Most of the white slave owners at the time followed some form of Christianity. Taking advantage of it and also as a fellow Christian Wheatley consistently uses her voice to reach out to the greater Christian community and express her hopes for better times to come in the future. In her poem “On Being Brought from Africa to America” Wheatley express her luck of being brought to the new land, learning about Christianity and in this new religion she was able to find peace of mind, and
redemption. Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land; Taught my benighted soul to understand That there’s God, that there’s a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. In the above poem Wheatley is showing that even though she was born in Africa, a place where whites consider to be Pagan, she has become enlightened through Christianity and is now refined. She is also calling on her fellow Africans out on the plantations and sugar cane fields to come to Christianity so they too can be saved and “refin’d”. Wheatley furthermore proves that given the opportunity everyone regardless of color or where they come from can become enlightened Most scholars who studied Phillis Wheatley’s work agree that she did not write in detail about her feelings on slavery, that she seem to have closed out that part of her life. (Davis, 191) And I do agree with them to some extent. But the fact of the matter is that she lived in a very contradicting era where on the one hand America was all about freedom, equality and liberty for all, but on the other side those rights didn’t apply to slaves or Africans. And though, none of us could possible know what her true state of mind could have been, what I do think is that she could have suffered some sort of an identity crisis as a direct consequence of her separation from all her loved ones at an early age. And lets not forget the pressure of conforming and proving herself as part of the new society could have caused her to leave out her emotions on slavery and focus on the future. By appealing to morality and the ideas of equality and freedom that the Americans were in quest of, Wheatley takes an opportunity to let her voice be heard. In her poem “To the Right Honourable William, “Earl of Dartmouth” Wheatley writes to William Legge, Lord of Darmouth, whom was appointed secretary in charge of the American colonies in August 1772. No more, America, in mournful strain Of wrongs, and grievance unredress’d complain, No longer shalt thou dread the iron chain, Which wanton Tyranny with lawless hand Had made, and with it meant t’ enslave the land “ In of the above verse, Wheatley is simply expressing a sense of hope that the new land, America will be free from the iron chains of Britain and become an independent nation. She’s also referring to her fellow Africans that are chained in slavery, telling them that there’s hope for us all. But due to oppression she couldn’t express her ideas freely in her poems. So she embeds a message of hope and freedom by using irony. She refers to America as being in a mournful strain of wrongs, and grievance. The deeper message embedded between the lines here is the wrongs and grievances caused by slavery. Wheatley ones again subtly uses her intellect to promote a new America where all would be happy, and enjoy freedom. In conclusion, Wheatley was able to overcome the oppressions of slavery by educating herself in various subjects such as politics and Christianity, which disproved the Europeans belief that Africans are incapable of learning. She also used her wisdom in her writing to promote the idea of a new America where Africans can be free of slavery, become refined and be part of the “civilized” white community.
Equiano worked with British abolitionists to placate the conditions of poor black people by settling them in the new British West African colonies. Whereas, Wheatley’s works provided demonstrable evidence of reason, which was previously considered absent among African slaves. In her poem “On the Death of the Rev. George Whitefield”, Phillis Wheatley acclaims that the Africans “shall be sons, and kings, and priests to God.” The Reverend Alexander Crummell educated African Americans; later, he moved to Liberia as a missionary
Wheatley was born in West Africa around 1750, and was captured when she was 7. John Wheatley purchased Phillis for his wife, Susanna; together they taught Phillis how to read and write, and as early as 12, Phillis was writing poetry and her first poem had been published. Wheatley’s poems implicitly advocated for racial equality, while condemning slavery. Her work received some negative feedback from political figureheads, such as Thomas Jefferson. White America classified a human as having the ability to read, write, and reason; therefore, leaving no room for the uneducated Africans, seeing Africans as nonhuman. Jefferson claimed Wheatley’s work was not literature because the moment he admitted Wheatley’s work was indeed literature, he would have had to admit she was a human being. The way Phillis Wheatley handled the adversity she faced is admirable. Wheatley definitely impacted American history, and “owes her place in history to advocates of inequality” (Young 1999
Readers unfamiliar with Phillis Wheatley may wonder of her background and who she was in particular to be able to gain rights to be mentioned in early American literature. Wheatley was born in 1753 and was captured by Africans, and sold to an American family known as the Wheatley’s. She quickly became a member of the Wheatley family, living in the home, and being tutored on reading and writing.
As a final point, Phillis Wheatley may have been bought a slave but she never lost faith and ended up being one of the best known poets in the early nineteenth century. This poem illustrates how she was living in darkness in Senegal, West Africa and because of slavery she was bought and brought to America. In this poem “On Being Brought from Africa to America,” Wheatley uses poetic devices such as similes, metaphors, hyperboles to illustrate color and darkness, multiple meanings of words, and the relationship between skin tone and salvation. This poem seems to be a narrative of her life and how slavery might have been the best thing that happened to her.
Throughout the poem, “To the University of Cambridge, in New England”, Phyllis Wheatley suggest that she accepted the colonial idea of slavery, by first describing her captivity, even though this poem has a subversive double meaning that has sent an anti-slavery message. Wheatley’s choice of words indicates that her directed audience was educated at a sophisticated level because of the language chosen. Her audience was assumingly also familiar with the bible because of the religious references used. The bible was used as a reference because of its accessibility. Wheatley uses religious references to subversively warn her readers about slavery and its repercussions and to challenge her reader’s morals.
To further analyze a more spoiled African American of the time, Phillis Wheatley did address the issues of her race as much as Sojourner Truth did. Wheatley mainly wrote “to Whites, for Whites and generally in the Euro-American tradition at that time” (Jamison 408). Her content focused on Christianity, morality, virtue, and other non-African-American-related topics. Her poetry has an underlying attitude of a white, not an African American. She shares the same views and attitude as a Caucasian, therefore she is part of African American literature because she was born into it, but she did not share the particular views and struggles of the African American population. She was heavily praised, because it was not expected from an African such as herself, although her upbringing should be considered. Some white men admired her work, because it was more than
Phillis Wheatley marks the beginning of the African-American literary tradition. Although she is the first African-American to become a published author, it is Wheatley’s work that proves her originality as it reflects a specific time in American history, her status as a slave, and a young woman of Christian faith (Harris). Each of these inherently contribute to her fresh African-American perspective. Wheatley is ingenious in the way she subtly ties in the roots of slavery and racism in a way that whites did not feel guarded. Not only does her work allow those with a conscious to at least somewhat consider the African-American point of view, but it invites criticism by those who care not to see African-Americans as intelligent equal beings that deserve respect. Some of the African-American community also criticizes that Wheatley did not speak enough about the injustices of slavery and prejudices of her time (Scheick). These critics are simply unable to see the Wheatley’s intent as her writing breeds originality and attention to a young and well-educated African-American woman whose words could stifle her freedoms if put any other way. In evaluating Wheatley’s On Being Brought from Africa to America, An Hymn to the Evening, and To the University of Cambridge, in New-England it is clear to see that she could only be imitative in style perhaps, but nuances of her heritage is what places her “writing at the heart of any definition of an African-American canon” (Harris).
Phillis Wheatley overcame extreme obstacles, such as racism and sexism, to become one of the most acclaimed poets in the 18th Century. Her works are characterized by religious and moral backgrounds, which are due to the extensive education of religion she received. In this sense, her poems also fit into American Poetry. However, she differs in the way that she is a black woman whose writings tackle greater subjects while incorporating her moral standpoint. By developing her writing, she began speaking out against injustices that she faced and, consequently, gave way to authors such as Gwendolyn Brooks and Countee Cullen.
She makes you think about the wrong doings that were going on in this time period. It was very brave of her to talk about the things that she talked about especially while being a slave. During this time period she probably faced a lot of criticism of her works and many believed that someone was writing her poems for her because they were so good and it was uncommon for a black lady to write a poem as well as she did. As a young black lady who has to go through slavery and other adversities this was a very hard time period for them but Wheatley stood strong and followed in what she believed in. She fought for equality and freedom for African American men and women.
Phillis Wheatley was an African-born slave in the last quarter of the eighteenth-century in New England. She was born in West Africa and brought to America on the slave ship Phillis. She was, however, much more than chattel-she was a poet. Phillis was the first African American to have a book published. In a time when women were not expected to be able to read or write, and when teaching an African American to be literate was frowned upon, Phillis Wheatley became educated in Latin and English literature. The education of Phillis Wheatley was, for the most part, for the intent of training "a servant and would-be companion for domestic utility," in which they undoubtedly succeeded. However, they "got an intellectual adornment" who, with her knowledge of the poems of Alexander Pope, the "Puritanical whiteness of her thoughts," and ability to write poems, soon became a celebrity among Boston?s social elite (Richmond 18,19).
Wheatley acted as a voice for her fellow slaves showing Americans that, contrary to popular belief, Africans weren’t happy with being taken from their homeland and enslaved. This created a foundation for awareness necessary to the eventual abolition of slavery. Roughly a century later Tocqueville’s stated that slavery needed to end through emancipation lest it happen through the violence of a slave revolt. It showed an awareness to the injustice of the slave condition and the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. It documented the progress that Americans made toward the emancipation of slaves roughly a century later from Wheatley. Although the freeing of slaves would end in the violently bloodied Civil War, both Wheatley and Tocqueville show that the end of slavery was coming and another stride toward equality in America would be
The poetry of Phillis Wheatley is crafted in such a manner that she is able to create a specific aim for each poem, and achieve that aim by manipulating her position as the speaker. As a slave, she was cautious to cross any lines with her proclamations, but was able to get her point across by humbling her own position. In religious or elegiac matters, however, she seemed to consider herself to be an authority. Two of her poems, the panegyric “To MAECENAS” and the elegy “On the Death of a young Lady of Five Years of Age,” display Wheatley’s general consistency in form, but also her intelligence, versatility, and ability to adapt her position in order to achieve her goals.
Throughout the eighteenth century there were a lot of African American slaves and a problem with women’s rights. During that time there were people writing about literature and the society around them that related to slaves. There were a lot of people influenced on what was written during that time. Frances E. W. Harper was a American poet that was a free slave. Hse wrote about her views on the world. Analysis of Harpers life and poems will show how influenced she was through her writing.
The clash between racial reality and idea is what is artistically shown in “on being brought from Africa to America”. Wheatley is a subtle rebel. At the beginning of her poem she shows thanks for being enslaved because it brought happiness to her life in finding Christianity, but as time goes by we start to see the true tone of Wheatley, which clearly show in the last two lines of the poem, now Wheatley begins to take a big position of power as if she already has the attention of the reader. Wheatley continues by saying that Africans may not be perfect but the Christians who enslave human beings aren’t
Gwendolyn Brooks is the female poet who has been most responsive to changes in the black community, particularly in the community’s vision of itself. The first African American to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize; she was considered one of America’s most distinguished poets well before the age of fifty. Known for her technical artistry, she has succeeded in forms as disparate as Italian terza rima and the blues. She has been praised for her wisdom and insight into the African Experience in America. Her works reflect both the paradises and the hells of the black people of the world. Her writing is objective, but her characters speak for themselves. Although the idiom is local, the message is universal. Brooks uses ordinary speech, only words that will strengthen, and richness of sound to create effective poetry.