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Autism, and related literature
Autism, and related literature
An introduction to Autism Spectrum disorder
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Autism was first presented in 1943 by Leo Kanner when he was conducting a several children study; he later described the children as having withdrawn behaviour. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the suitable treatments used in behavioural therapy were focused on medications such as LSD and electrical shock as a form of pain and punishment (WebMD Medical Reference, 2014). Tens of millions of people have been diagnosed with Autism worldwide, effecting both genders, all races, ethnicities and people from all socioeconomic classes. In 2010 a Surveillance Summary was conducted in the United States, where it identified that one in 68 children are diagnosed with Autism (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). It has been recognised within this study that Autism has a higher likelihood to be identified in males, where one in 42 are diagnosed, than females, where one in 189 are diagnosed. A study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, presents completing evidence which proposes that in order for females to develop neurodevelopment disorders, and more extreme genetic mutation in the genome would have to occur, whilst males do not need such an extreme mutation to occur to develop neurodevelopment disorders. The process which occurs is known as the Female Protective Model. The study identified that females diagnosed have an excess of deleterious autosomal copy-number variants or CNVs, and private deleterious single-nucleotide variants, or SNVs, then males also diagnosed (Jacquemont et al, 2014). Supporting, that female brains require a more extreme genetic mutation, then males, for Autism to occur, which takes the focus from X chromosome for genetic basis, instead it is a difference in the genome (Autism Speaks, 2014)... ... middle of paper ... ...ty of forms of treatments available for autistic patients, for example, applied behaviour analysis, Discrete Trial Training (DTT), Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention (EIBI), Pivotal Response Training (PRT), and Verbal Behaviour Intervention (VBI). Other therapy treatment programs available are Occupational Therapy, Sensory Integration Therapy and Speech Therapy. Although some dietary treatments have been developed by therapists, many are not supported scientifically due to this treatment possibly affecting a child positively but then having no effect on another. Dietary treatments are used to take certain ingredients out or input them into a child’s diet in order to make a difference to their child’s autistic behaviour. Though there is still a lot to learn about ASD, research has increased in order to gain a better understanding into all aspects of Autism.
...sorders on the spectrum such as AS. Several of the sources used in the composition of this paper refer to the belief that Autism is a form of “extreme male brain”, an exaggeration of male traits caused by high levels of testosterone while in utero. In spite of the disparity between the two genders, there are girls struggling with this disorder, and they often experience more severe symptoms than their male counterpart (Rudacille).
Stephen M. Edelson, Ph.D. . Center for the Study of Autism. Web. 23 October 2011.
As the research shows, there are numerous ways to find treatments for autism. It is also important to keep up with the medical research because they seem to be finding and approving new treatments quite often. The most important part is finding out what is best for the individual and going from there.
Autism was first discovered by Leo Kanner in 1943, he labeled it as early infantile autism. Most causes of autistic children before Kanner’s discovery were thought to be possessed and were put through very inhumane conditions. Autism is the prototypical form of a spectrum of related, complex, neuro developmental disorders referred to as autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), also known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) (Berry 73). The main symptom of Autism is the inability to easily communicate and interact with others. A cure for autism has not been discovered, but there are reports of some children that have naturally recovered. Symptoms are noticed in early years of life, normally around the age of three. The onset of the disease must be before the age of three years (Berry 73). The families with an autistic child have to adjust their daily activities around the child at all times. It is very difficult for an autistic child to be in a crowded area or in new environments.
One of the most characteristic features of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is its prominent higher prevalence among the male gender in comparison with the female gender. Although rates of ASD are consistent across cultures, these rates vary significantly by gender. It is the male gender that seems to be more affected by ASD with an average male-to-female ratio of 4.2:1, affecting 1 in 70 males and only 1 in 315 females (Fombonne, 2009). Although a well-known fact, the causes for such a great difference among sex ratios still remains unexplained, there are several hypotheses and studies trying to explain the reason for this inequality. In this paper I will outline some of the different attempts to explain the differences between the sex ratios. Among these attempts we can find diverse hypotheses that vary from the role of the sex hormones and genetic vulnerability to the biases of medical professionals during the diagnostic process (Goldman, 2013).
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that effects the brains development. It is characterized by affecting communication, cognition and social interaction. The spectrum of the disorders ranges from a mild condition called Asperger’s syndrome to a more severe form, which severely impairer’s development. The Office of Communications and Public Liaison states that the disorder affects one and eighty-eight children, however ASD effects boys more frequently than girls (Office of Communications and Public Liaison, 2013). ASD emerges in all age, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. The significant varied character and severity of the disorder is why ASD is considered a spectrum that poses a broad range of symptoms.
In 1943, Leo Kanner observed eleven children, each with similar behavioral patterns, and published a paper in which he stared,” The condition differs markedly and uniquely from any reported so far” (Miller). Although many cases of autism, and autism-like disorders appeared before throughout history, no one ever properly defined this disorder until Kanner’s paper. The first said to mention the word autism was Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation, while describing a severally autistic boy, but this is a doubted speculation. The first to medically coin the term autism was Hans Asperger. Even though, he thought he was observing autism, he was actually observing and describing Asperger Syndrome, which doctors realized was a different disorder in 1981 (“Who discovered Autism?”).
Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact." He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Autism, taken from symptoms of schizophrenia, described withdrawn symptoms or social interaction problems, and was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Ed. (DSM-III) under the name Infantile Autism in 1980. This was later changed to autism in the revised DSM-III in 1987. The authors indicated that some camps still considered autism a schizophrenic disorder, and that infantile autism was the earliest form of schizophrenia (Sanders, 2009).
Autism is significantly caused in people by de novo mutation, deletions, duplications, genomic rearrangements, or point mutations in the germ line of one parent that causes loss of function or gain of function to a large number of genes. This can occur in any family with any genetic background and can appear in any offspring, regardless of gender. Offspring’s with mild disorders (asymptomatic carriers) i.e., females may marry and have children who inherit mutations in a dominant way. It is now obvious that the third-born male child is at high risk, i.e., his probability of being affected in comparison to the first two children being affected is nearly 50% with dominant transmission and high penetration. Females are at lower risk (20%) with lower incidence in females and reduced penetration in that gender. Explanation is yet to be given about disruptions on a single chromosome with incomplete penetrance that creates carrier states. [30] Females are resistant and therefore make logical carriers, but discordance between monozygotic twins suggest Autism Spectrum Disorder genotype and exi...
Autism Spectrum Disorder is rapidly changing as new developments are being made. The release of the fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has altered the way people see and diagnose autism.
Autism is found in every country and region of the world, and in families of all racial, ethnic, religious, and economic backgrounds. Autism affects about 1 or 2 people in every thousand and is three to four times more common in boys than girls. Girls with the disorder, however, tend to have more severe symptoms and lower intelligence.
Statistics show that boys are affected 5 times more than girls. According to data, 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with autism. To be more specific, 1 in 42 boys is affected and 1 in 189 girls is affected. There is a higher chance of boys getting autism than girls.
Up until the 1960 Schizophrenia and Autism was considered to be pretty much the same. After that professionals began to separate Autism to a Category by itself. Some people used medication to treat it. Others used punishments to deal with this problem. Behavioral therapy was started during the 1980 and 1990 to treat Autism.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. Certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life and it happens more frequently in boys compared to girls. Autism is not curable but it can be controlled using certain type of treatments as there is no specific treatment for autism. The question arises for these articles are if the treatment used was effective? There are many types of treatments that are able to control autism and the types of treatments used in these articles were behavioral involvement which is learning system based on interference approach. This will help to lessen and uphold the target’s behavior. Complementary and alternative medicine and special diets are treatments used in autism as CAM and special diets will be able to maintain autism. Communication interventions are very useful for autism and one of the main communication treatments is speech therapy. It maintains the expressive and receptive communication of children mainly it maintains the expression and enhances symbol learning. Educational therapy plays a role in treating children with autism as it supports children through the condition of visual details.
Autism is a collection of various neurodevelopmental disorders, often represented by social communication difficulties and unusual, repetitive behavior and interests, evident from early childhood. In a survey conducted by the Australian bureau of statistics (ABS) in 2012, 115,400 Australians suffered from Autism, which equates to 0.5% of the total population. The prevalence of this disorder in Australia has seen a major increase from 2009, where 64,400 people had the condition (ABS, 2012). Males have been seen to be four times more likely to suffer from the disorder then females. Individuals who suffer from Autism are characterized to have unusual cognitive profiles, which include impaired understanding of how to behave in social environments,