This report aimed to replicate Stroop's (1935) experiment. Using the repeated measures design and a sample of 20 students, differences in verbal reaction times on two tests were observed. The one-tailed hypothesis predicted that it would take longer to say words in the Cc, this is the conflicting condition where the colour of the word differs from the colour that the word describes. It was found that, using the t-test for related data, this hypothesis could be accepted as the obtained value
Select and answer 3 of the questions below. Note: You must answer #4 however. Each of your responses should be about 10-15 single-spaced lines in length 1. The reading titled Developmental Psychology Overview provides us with an introduction to some key issues in the field of developmental psychology. Scroll through the reading and you will find information on the following key issues: Nature-Nurture; Continuity-Discontinuity; Quantitative-Qualitative; Universality-Particularity; and Critical Periods
In middle childhood, around the age of 7, children start to develop a self – esteem. The development of self -esteem is important because it determines the way a person views ones-self. The Self- esteem formed in middle childhood changes by the time an individual reaches adulthood. There are many longitudinal studies that have been done on the development of self – esteem. One such article is “Cherish Yourself: Longitudinal Patterns and Conditions of Self- Esteem Change in the Transition to Young
Civic Engagement through Community Problem Solving Abstract As young people’s civic and political participation continues to decline, a number of organizations are working to reverse the decline by increasing opportunities for youth to participate. Communities around the country are taking steps to engage young people through a variety of methods that allow youth to actually participate in policy development and take action on local issues. The effectiveness of such community programs on
Critique of Research Design The purpose of this critique is to analyze the design of a research study conducted by; Donna Kazemi, Maureen Levine, Jacek Dmochowski, Mary Nies, and Linman Sun called “Effects of Motivational Interviewing Intervention on Blackouts Amoung College Freshman”. It was accepted in January 21st, 2013 and was published in the Journal of Nursing Scholarship. This study was conducted on 188 volunteer freshmen at a southern university. Kazemi et al. (2013) state the goals of the
experimental design that fits their needs. Even though experiments may share characteristics, “their use and application vary depending on the type of design used” (Creswell, 2008, p. 310). Therefore understanding the types of experimental designs commonly used to inquiry about educational thematic is useful to identify the design whose approach will contribute the success of the research. The two major umbrellas of experimental design include between-group and within-group designs, which are further
the dependent variable is later retention. In study 2, the conceptual independent variables are repeated testing and repeated studying. The dependent variable is later retention. The experimental participants in each study are one hundred twenty and one hundred eighty Washington University undergraduates separately, ages 18 to 24, participated in partial fulfillment of course requirements. To measure the effects of testing and studying in two
A-B-A-B design will be used to determine the effects of positive reinforcement on daily water consumption. It is expected that this treatment will increase daily water intake when combined with a positive reinforcer. Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions. The data for this experiment was recorded daily for a span of 4 weeks, following the rules for a reversal A-B-A-B design. The materials
demonstrate how chunking could be used to increase the capacity of STM. Participants were presented with a letter sequence. The independent variable was the chunking and the dependent variable was how many letters the participants recalled. A repeated measures design was used and the participants were an opportunist sample of 20 students, between the ages of 16-18 years. The results were analysed using the Wilcoxon test. Therefore the directional hypothesis that the participants remembered more
The experimental design utilizes control techniques, the use of randomization, and replication in an attempt to identify sources of variability in the experimental unit. The advantage of using experimental design methods in performing a study is its strength in maintaining strong internal validity. Experimental designs are often touted as the most rigorous of all research designs or as the gold standard against which all other designs are judged (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008).
Jackson (2012), even-numbered chapter exercises, p 360. 2. The recommended design for this type of study is a non-equivalent control group post-test only design. 4. If a study is confounded, the researcher is not absolutely certain that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation of the independent variable, or some other uncontrolled variable. In a non-equivalent control group post-test only design, any differences observed between the two classes may be due to the non-equivalence
Experimental Research of Reliability and Validity Shawna Anderson Southwestern College Professional Studies Reliability and validity are two very important aspects of the research design. These two aspects help researchers gather and measure data in a consistent manner. Reliability is defined as the extent to which the same results over a period of time are accurate and represent the total population and if the results can be duplicated under a similar methodology, then the research
is the visual change and supports the notion that the new theme begins. There is a triple figuration variation that interjects this theme. The interjection starts with a full measure of the new tonic, A chord, followed by a full measure of triplets, to a D sharp seventh chord (V7/V). This happens four times between measures 103-132. This is reminiscent of Haydn’s String Quartet, Op. 33, No. 2 “The Joke,” in the sense that the listener may think that the end has been reached just for Beethoven to
A Study Investigating the Effects of Categorisation on Recall 1. Introduction Background research The cognitive approach to psychology studies the processes the mind uses to deal with information and looks at areas such as language, learning, perception and memory. Cognitive psychologists commonly use models to explain information flow. These models are abstract ways of representing how the mind deals with information rather than defining separate areas of the brain for each aspect
Owning or being around pets can be beneficial to anyone at any age. Since the 1970s, emphasis has been put on the use of pet therapy to help with many disorders and mental states (Moretti, 2011, p. 125). Everyone most likely has experienced stress in their life in one way or the other. Children, adults, and elderly all experience stress, though not to the same degree or from the same causes. Studies have been done on children and elderly patients to determine whether animal -assisted therapy is a
relation to a hypothesis a researcher has constructed in order to prove or disprove it. Research designs refer to the way in which this information is collected in order for it to be analysed, it provides a standard layout for data collection. A research design is chosen by the researcher in order to fit the criteria of the required data to satisfy their hypothesis. The two forms of research designs discussed in this essay will be Experimental and Correlational research. The purpose of experimental
Which Paper Towels Has The Best Absorbency? By James Gilmer Project Design Plan To determine which paper towel has the greatest absorbency. Paper towels were first introduced for the Scott Paper Company of Philadelphia to help prevent the spread of colds from cloth towels in bathrooms (Corkhill & Seder 2008). Paper towels are constructed of giant molecules consisting of smaller molecules of cellulose fibers (Brown 2013). The smaller molecules are made up of sugar molecules, which is the key to
avoiding the effects of more than one independent variable. For an experiment to have higher internal validity, it must have fewer chances for other independent variables affecting the experiment. Internal validity focuses on the degree to which the design of the study can be controlled. Internal validity is determined by exerting the degree of control over potential extraneous variables. It is necessary to control these potentially confounding variables since it helps to reduce the possibility for
Introduction Cognitive psychology is the study of mental representations that guide behavior. One way to investigate a brain function is through an experiment called Visual Search. Ulric Neisser’s Visual Search is one of the most famous ways to study a particular brain function, which in this case is perception and identification. More formally, it is a type of perceptual task that requires a scan of a visual environment for a certain target among other similar or distinct features. Ulric Neisser
SPSS data analysis was conducted to synthesis and analyse the raw results. Through the SPSS software, a t-test was conducted for the three sets of data obtained. For hypothesis 1 and 2, an independent t-test was conduced and for hypothesis 3 a repeated measures t-test was conducted. An Independent-samples t-test with an alpha level of .05 was used to compare children with a traumatic brain injury against an orthopaedic control. At both 7 and 13 years old, those in the OC group had a higher mean score