We can draw an analogy between the study of omics and cars- we may know all the parts of a car, but we have to know how to assemble the parts in order for the car to be functional. The same concept can be applied to the use of omics. In order to study the way microorganisms interact with their environment, we must examine interactions at the molecular, cellular, community, and ecosystem level, and different types of omics assess each level. The list below includes many types of omics, along with
The lac operon is a transcriptional control of lactose metabolism in bacteria. The operon contains three transcriptional genes, lac Z, lac Y and lac A, which encodes for β-galactosidase, permease and transacetylase respectively. Lac P and lac O copes for the lac promoter and the lac operator, essential to the functioning of this operon. β-galactosidase converts lactose to allolatose, while permease allow lactose to be transported into the cell. Transacetylase does not have a role in lactose usage
How the Operon Works The operon is a set of coding regions of DNA clustered together that includes structural genes and it is under the control of a single regulatory region. The operator regulates transcription, which is a repressor protein. When the operator binds to a segment of the regulatory region, transcription is shut down. E. Coli will be used as an example of how an inducible operon works. E. Coli's main source of nutrition is glucose. If glucose is not available, it can utilize
Inducible Operon vs Repressible Operon Genetic regulation is a process where certain proteins and other kinds of stimuli tend to cause a cell to express genes or not express them. The bacteria cell system is small system, but it carries out a lot of activities and must do so economically and efficiently, therefore actions of these genes must be regulated. There are two types of regulatory systems: inducible and repressible An operon is a cluster of genes that work together to form a polycistronic
The author, David Treure, Ojibwe from Leech Lack Reservation in northern Minnesota, grew up on the reservation. He describes the Rez Life by using people’s stories and somehow connects these stories with historic evens. There are over three hundreds Indian reservations in the United States according to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. When you go to one of these, you will see the sign of welcome. The Rez is not much different from others. The landscape is the same. The fields, lacks, pines, swamps are
The Vampire and Its Appearance In literature, vampires are always hiding in plain sight by living among humans all while hiding the fact that they feed on blood. So how is it that no one realize that their neighbors only come out at night? By disguising themselves with the use of costumes and performance, vampires such as Lestat and Carmilla are able to infiltrate human society and prey from within. Whenever it is to fit in or to help them prey by dressing up, acting a certain way or living
The Trickster in Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire Vampires today, particularly after Anne Rice's five-book series, the Vampire Chronicles, are portrayed in quite a different light than the vampires of ages past. Gone is the garlic and cross that offers protection, gone is the vampire's fear of all light and gone is their distant, in-human nature. (Whyte 2) In fact, most vampires are portrayed as both beast and man, struggling to retain their humanity as the lust for blood seems to
Interview with the Vampire - Book vs. Movie I cannot speak for all, but I find watching the movie much more interesting than reading the book. I find that the movie paints a perfect picture well on the other hand reading the book you have to let your imagination take over and create images in your head of what might the scene look like. “Interview with the Vampire” was a well-written book and a well developed movie after reading the book and the watching the movie I found the movie much more
The expression of lac operon in each tube equals the amount of beta-galactosidase produced. Therefore, by looking at the amount of beta-galactosidase under different conditions collectively is a good way to understand the function of inducers and repressors in supervising the expression of lac operon and the control of gene expression generally. At the given time sets, CTAB was added to the tubes to kill the E. coli cells and lyse the cells to release its contents including galactosidase enzyme.
e. Somatostatin. Somatostatin was not detected in transformed bacteria the possible explanation was that it degraded in E. coli bacteria. So the other plasmid was genetically formed to prevent the degradation which had mutually a promoter of the lac operon and another lacL region. The gene for beta-galactosidase is lacZ. This time plasmid was sliced close to c-terminus of beta-galactosidase gene the fusion peptide thud obtained had piece of beta-galactosidase at N-terminus joined to Somatostatin by
in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp operon encodes the genes for the synthesis of tryptophan. This type of gene, like the lac operon, is regulated by a repressor that binds to the operator sequences. The activity of the trp repressor is enhanced when it binds tryptophan; in this capacity, tryptophan is known as a corepressor. Since the activity of the trp repressor is enhanced in the presence of tryptophan, the rate of expression of the trp operon is graded in response to the level
a last resort antibiotic and most prominently administered intravenously; however, studies are taking place to interpret the best way to administer the drug as new Vancomycin-resistant species h... ... middle of paper ... ...eptide resistance operon from Enterococcus faecalis revisited. Mol Microbiol2003;50:931-48 (18) Courvalin, Patrice. (2006). Vancomycin Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 42(Supplement 1), S25-S34. doi: 10.1086/491711 (19) Arthur M, Reynolds P
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena. The observations are expected to provide insight into the workings of other organisms. When we study disease, development and genetics in biology, they need to be studied in vitro to see how these processes (i.e. pathways and signals) work. Studying these in humans could be considered unethical or unsafe, and very expensive. Model organisms provide insight that we can’t gain from lab
attach to the DNA of the gene. It attaches at a spot called the promoter. In bacteria, RNA polymerase attaches right to the DNA of the promoter. You can see how this process works, and how it can be regulated by transcription factors, in the lac operon and trp operon videos. In humans and other eukaryotes, there is an extra step. RNA polymerase can attach to the promoter only with the help of proteins called basal (general) transcription factors. They are part of the cell's core transcription toolkit
Growth Dynamics of E. coli in Varying Concentrations of Nutrient Broths, pH, and in the Presence of an Antibiotic Abstract The purpose in this experiment of growth dynamics of E. coli in varying media was to determine which media produces the maximum number of cells per unit time. First a control was established for E. coli in a 1.0x nutrient broth. This was used to compare the growth in the experimental media of 0.5x and 2.0x, nutrient broths; nutrient broths with an additional 5