A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena. The observations are expected to provide insight into the workings of other organisms. When we study disease, development and genetics in biology, they need to be studied in vitro to see how these processes (i.e. pathways and signals) work. Studying these in humans could be considered unethical or unsafe, and very expensive. Model organisms provide insight that we can’t gain from lab equipment alone. What we learn in model organisms can be used to predict what would happen to other organisms. All organisms evolved from the same ancestors and pathways are the same across all different species. Model organisms are a small number of species that have been studied extensively. We extrapolate information from model organisms to understand developmental, biological and metabolic pathways conserved throughout evolution. A model organism is one that can be used to effectively conduct biological research. They are necessary so that researchers can conduct their experiments quickly and efficiently while producing accurate results. Model organisms tend to be simple, making it easier for researchers to change one element and analyze the effects of that change.
Characteristics common to model organisms are small size, short life cycles, rapid development, quick availability and tractability, and no danger working with them. Many species are good models because we have extensive knowledge of them due to previous research. Two of the most important traits for effective model organisms are small size and rapid life cycles. Ideally, they should be small, as large amounts of progeny will be produced. Large organisms would need a lot of...
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...e a lot of different trials. The life cycle is short; so several generations can be produced easily and quickly. The genome of C. Elegans has been completely sequenced, which is useful for genetic studies allowing researchers to pick genes of interest to study.
To assess whether or not Choanoflagellates are destined to become model organisms is difficult. They are small like most model organisms, but their lifecycles are not well known (little is known of their life cycle). Although much information of Choanoflagellates remains unknown, based on what we do know of them, it is not unlikely they might become a model organism. However, it is still difficult to assess to a degree of certainty that they will certainly end up being model organisms. Once more research is carried out on the organism and more is known about their life cycles, a certain judgment can be made.
Recreating the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates has been challenging as they possess a known ability to transform from noncyst – to cyst – forming strategies (unreferenced/Wikipedia). The dinoflagellate nucleus lacks histones, nucleosomes and maintains continually condensed chromosomes during mitosis (Dodge 1966), making their classification difficult (Hackett et al 2004). Though being classified as eukaryotes, the dinoflagellate nuclei are not characteristically eukaryotic (Dodge 1966). However, typical eukaryotic organelles, such as Golgi bodies, mitochondria and chloroplasts are present in dinoflagellates (Morrill et al 1983). Since dinoflagellate nuclei possess intermediate characteristics between the coiled DNA areas of prokaryotic bacteria and the well-defined eukaryotic nucleus it was termed ‘mesokaryotic’ by Dodge (1966).
On January 25, 2011, Egypt dissolved into protests--a revolution thirty years in the making. The quasi-middle class (not comparable to the American standard of a middle class) of college educated youths and the working class united based on the culmination of years of corruption and abuse and the sparks that the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution and the 2011 Alexandria New Year’s Day bombings represented. The “Five Stages of Revolution” model can be applied to Egypt’s revolution, as well as some aspects of the J. Brown Paradigm of National Development, such as the Identifiable People Group, presented themselves throughout Egypt’s conflict.
Lawrence, S., M. K. Heidemann and D. O. Straney. 2006. Biological Sciences 111L Laboratory Manual. Hayden-McNeil Publishing, Inc., Plymouth
Cycle (Heh and Bülow 2008 ) and in having a small genome, excellent physical and genetic maps, and some amount of repetitive DNA(Lin, Kaul et al.... ... middle of paper ... ... Kotani, H., S. Sato, et al. a.
Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald Audesirk, and Bruce E. Byers. Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011. 268-69. Print.
The simulator does something similar to this. The organisms in the beginning are identical. They have arms of a similar length as a result of their phenotypes. To simulate nature, every cycle we could say represents a generation. Every generation we see new organisms born with random mutations. Based on the environment we see different mutations on the newborn. For example, if its environment through the generations allowed its ancestors to survive, based on the phenotypes we saw in the ancestors we can see them again in the newborn. Basically saying that the parents of the newborn lived long enough to mate with the same traits., in turn giving the newborn those same exact traits. In this case, it is traits which code for arms length.
Cyanobacteria, also known as Blue-green algae, (Cyanophyta), (Myxophyta) and (Cyanochloronta) are difficult to classify, and there are numerous schools of thought on their Taxonomy. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms however posess many of the same qualities as algae and therefore were previously categorized as such, hence the name blue-green algae. They form a class greatly dissimilar from that of other algae, and possess many of the same characteristics of bacteria. They produce energy via the process of photosynthesis and posses photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, just as plants, and phycobilin which are responsible for the blue-green hue. The main distribution of Cyanobacteria is in aquatic environments such as fresh and saltwater, they are however, found in terrestrial habitats where there is sufficient moisture and can even occur in deserts. Cyanobacteria do not have a nucleus or chloroplasts, they’re DNA and chlorophyll float freely within the cytoplasm. They show a variety of movements, such as gliding, rotation, oscillation, jerking and flicking. In addition they possess gas vesicles, giving them buoyancy in water. Cyanobacteria reproduce exclusively by asexual means via binary fission and may form exo- or endospores as well.
Edgar Allan Poe has been debated to be the author of the most dark and horrific pieces of literature. He was favored by many for his complex pieces of literature that have ultimately impacted the world of literature today. However, Poe’s pieces of work did receive harsh criticism before and after his death. Because Poe was generally known for his thought-provoking short stories, his short stories often received mixed reviews. One of Poe’s most arguable short stories is “The Fall of the House of Usher”. This short story was “regarded as an early and supreme example of the Gothic horror story” (Plot Summary: "The Fall of the House of Usher"). Poe himself described this piece as “arabesque” due to its ornate prose (Plot Summary: "The Fall of the House of Usher"). However, many critics disagreed with each other on their views of “The Fall of the House of Usher”.
I did my primary source analysis assignment on the song “Born in the U.S.A” by singer and songwriter Bruce Springsteen. After listening to this song I analyzed what I thought that it meant. This song has a very clear meaning. It is an anti-War song, speaking of the memories and heavy heartache of a man returning from War after experiencing a personal loss not just as a citizen but also as a recruit. This song describes how he was unemployable for "doing the right thing". Springsteen basically wrote this song about the problems Vietnam veterans tend to encounter when they returned to America after serving their time. Vietnam was the first war the United States did not win. While veterans of other wars received a hero's welcome and a nice pat on the back, those who fought in Vietnam were very much ignored when they returned to back to the United States.
“Madness you see, is like gravity,” muttered a manic Joker as he hanged upside down from Gotham’s highest building after a violent encounter with the Batman, ”all it needs is a little push.” Of course, The Dark Knight is only a movie, a conceived world in which men walk around in costumes and people come back from the dead. One might think this film has nothing to do with reality but not many people realize the very real issue that Heath Ledger portrays so well in his character: lunacy. Could mental illness be accountable for a person’s crimes? Should an insane person receive necessary treatment before serving a prison sentence, or on the contrary, should he or she be absolved from a horrific crime just for the fact that this person wasn’t completely aware of his or her actions?
Kareem is a talented undergraduate student who I have had the privilege of working with in nuclear science research over the past year. We have worked on two separate neutron activation analysis projects together. He has also taken my upper level course in Nuclear and Particle Physics (UTPA course # PHYS 4309) with honors during the fall semester of 2013 and has expressed interest in my participation as his honors thesis advisor. It is a pleasure to offer this letter of recommendation for the DOE SULI program.
Office Space depicts an exaggerated view of a big corporation’s organizational behaviors. At Initech, such behaviors are misused, ineffective, and unhealthy practices which ultimately lead to the collapse of the organization. The ideal organization would allow employees to obtain job satisfaction through the use of employee input and autonomy, feedback, well-defined organizational roles, clear goals, and effective group structures in the workplace.
fluminea were placed in water containing Chlorella sp., the filtration rate decreased in comparison to clams given Chlamydomonas sp. and Haematococcus sp. This was unexpected, as I anticipated filtration rates of Chlorella sp. to be higher than Chlamydomonas sp., but lower than Haematococcus sp. Because Chlorella sp. is of a spherical shape, similar to Chlamydomonas sp. and Haematococcus sp., and is within the size range of particles that C. fluminea are capable of filtering, it is likely that particle size is not the only factor that influences particle selection. The presence of chemoreceptors has been noted in other species of bivalves (Ten Winkel and Davids 1982). While no studies have confirmed the presence of chemoreceptors in C. fluminea at this time, the low filtration rates of Chlorella sp. in this study indicate that C. fluminea may be selecting algae for filtration based upon chemical signals in conjunction with cell size.
(accessed 28/01/03) 6. Toole, G and Toole, S. Essential AS Biology, Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2002. (accessed 28/01/03) 7. Roberts, M, Reiss, M and Manger, G. Advanced Biology, Nelson Ltd, 2000 (accessed 28/01/03) 8. Biological Sciences Review, Volume 13, No.3, January 2001.
There has been much progress in Genomics since a draft research about Genomics was published more than ten years ago. Also as I