Heckerman [ ] , and Bering and Serpinskii [ ] indicate that silica surface consists of siloxane network in the bulk, while the hydroxyl groups are attached onto silicon atoms. However these groups are not equivalent in their adsorption or reaction behavior. Fig 1a represents a general arrangement on a silica surface. Belyakova et al. identifies that the number of hydroxyl (Silanol) group on different type of silica surfaces are same i.e. 4 -5 SiOH groups per nm2. Lange [ ] identifies that water associates
Chitosan is a cationic copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine (Mourya, Inamdar,&Tiwari, 2010).Due toits non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioadhesivity, antimicrobial activity and physicochemical and biological properties, chitosan can be applied in a variety of fields. However, the poor solubility in water and most common organic solvents limits its applications (Dash, Chiellini, Ottenbrite, &Chiellini, 2011).According to the literature (Du & Hsieh, 2008; Mourya, Inamdar
Identifying features and key components of unknown chemical mixtures are an essential part of chemistry. In many cases it is necessary to analyses and understand the chemical makeup of pharmaceuticals. Qualitative analysis is a method of testing a chemical mixture to determine its chemical makeup, such as its functional group. Identifying functional groups of an unknown compound are important, as it helps in understanding how a chemical acts under certain conditions, such as when changing physical
that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones; that is, they are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group (-OH), and a carbonyl group (C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom (aldose) or at the second carbon atom (ketose). The carbonyl group combines in aqueous solution with one hydroxyl group to form a cyclic compound (hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal). Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule; trioses have
Fruits and vegetables are important components of our diet. We take fruits in raw state or in the form of juices, while vegetables are taken in the cooked form or sometimes as juices. Fruits and vegetables provide us carbohydrates, proteins and various other important organic compounds. The juices are rich sources of minerals, vitamins and many micronutrients (calcium, iron etc.) essential for us. For example, iron deficiency in humans causes anaemia and anaemic persons are advised to take
1.9. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS 1.9.1: Melting point51- A pure crystalline organic compound has a definite and sharp melting point, that is, the melting point range (the difference between the temperature at which the sample collapse or at which the sample becomes completely liquid) does not exceed above 0.5oC. If any miscible or partially miscible impurities are present in small quantity it will increase the melting point range and cause the initiation the melting to occur at a temperature lower than
reduction and pain relief. Found in drugstores worldwide, paracetamol is commonly known by its American brand name, Tylenol. Paracetamol is chemically named N-acetyl – p – aminophenol. The chemical structure is an aromatic six-membered ring with a hydroxyl substituent placed para to the N-acetyl substituent. As the use of paracetamol increased, scientists and reserachers have looked into the most efficient methods of synthesizing the compound. In 1997, demand for paracetamol in the United States
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is another structurally related essential biopolymer. RNA differs from DNA in having the sugar ribose in place of the deoxyribos... ... middle of paper ... ...oligomer, possible truncated failure sequences with free 5’hydroxyl ends, byproducts of deprotection, and silicates from hydrolysis of the glass support. Different purification methods can be used to separate the product oligonucleotide from the contaminating species. Figure 18: summary of Phosphoamidite Oligonucleotide
Cellulose is an abundant polysaccharide consisting of a β-1, 4 linkage of D-glucose [1,3]. There is an array of applications for cellulose, including, but not limited to: biofuels, reinforcement agents, thickeners, dietary fiber, and even wound care. As of late, cellulose, as a waste product, has been in high demand as a reinforcement agent in synthetic, petroleum-based polymer matrices (petroleum based plastics) [3]. Cellulose I has good flexibility, it is abundant in nature and also biodegradable
ultraviolet or visible light radiation. Pairs of photo-generated hole (h+) and electron (e-) induce the formation of aggressive species such as hydroxyl or superoxide radicals from the moisture and atmospheric oxygen. These species are strong enough to oxidize and decompose organic materials or smelling gas and kill bacteria (see Fig 1). Several metal The hydroxyl radical is the most important reactive species responsible for the destruction of the organic pollutant. 1.2.1.2. Sonolytic
balance between oxidants and antioxidants is vital because oxidative stress can cause oxidative damages to N.A, lipids and proteins. The most important ROS are superoxide anion (O2−), singlet oxygen (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH-). Whereas, antioxidant defense system is responsible to give protection against ROS. These antioxidants can scavenge and destroy ROS. The major antioxidant enzymes are catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) PON ….. and glutathione
The chromatography paper is a very long molecule (a polymer) in which thousands of rings of six atoms are covalently bonded together into long chains which form tiny tubes within the paper. The water molecule has been spilt leaving oxygen between each ring The long chains are held together by side-to-side hydrogen bonding(O-H) between the chains, so there is also weak dipole-dipole moment. These side by side long chains are called sheets of cellulose. The sheets are held one on top of the other
In this experiment, Borneol was oxidized to Camphor and later reduced to two possible diastereomers, in which isoborneol was favored, with the use of sodium hypochlorite and sodium borohydride. Hypochlorous acid served as the oxidizing agent and was vital in the formation of the ketone making up the bicyclic compound Camphor. Second most important, sodium borohydride provided the reducing agent, hydride, which added in on the endo side of the second carbon (C2) to make the exo alcohol isoborneol
Indonesia was once called “Spice Island” by Portuguese explorer in the 15th century (Schelander, Hsu, & Brown, 2000). Indonesia was known to have been using spices and herbs through many centuries for their life sustainability. Spices and herbs are one of the oldest Indonesian heritage that still commonly used in modern days for health benefit, medicine, and food additive. However, “kunyit” or commonly called turmeric, has been considered as one of the greatest healing herbs among other herbs (Ravindran
Interpretation • Referred to table 9 Paracetamol: 1.Amide: contains nitrogen and carbonyl so it’s hydrophilic.2. Hydroxyl: hydrophilic because of the presence of Oxygen that can H-bond with water.3.benzene ring: lipophilic because of non-polar hydrocarbon ring. 4. Methyl is lipophilic because of the nonpolar hydrocarbon group. Aspirin: 1. Carboxylic acid: Oxygen that’s polar which can H-bond with water. 2. Ester: lipophilic because it is non polar although it has oxygen. 3. Benzene: lipophilic because
Research question Does changing the length of the carbon chain effect the heat of combustion of water when heated for 2 minutes? If so, which fuel reaches the highest temperature during that time? Aim To investigate the relationship between three different alkanols in terms of their carbon chain length, rate of increased temperature, and heat of combustion, in order to determine which is the most efficient at heating water to a certain temperature whilst reducing time and effects on the environment
Hydroxylation:* This is the process of introducing a hydroxyl (-OH) group into a compound. Fullerenes can be hydroxylated to fullerenols or fullerols. Water solubility depends on the total number of hydroxyl groups that can be attached. The maximum number of hydroxyl groups that can be attached (hydrogen peroxide method) stands at 36 - 40 *6. Electrophilic Addition:* This is an addition reaction where in a
The aim of this experiment is to carry out a reaction that results in the synthesis of Methyl Benzoate by Fischer Esterification. Methyl Benzoate is an organic compound, it is an Ester with the chemical formula C6H5COOCH3 and it is formed by the condensation of methanol and benzoic acid. Methyl Benzoate is strongly reminiscent of the fruit of the feijoa tree, and it is used in the making of perfumes. (6) (2)An Ester is a functional group which is derived from carboxylic acids, they are sweet and
The Different Roles of Macromolecules in Biology There are four types of macromolecules that I am going to describe: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid. I will also describe the functions and why they are important in our bodies. Proteins ======== Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are joined head-to-tail in a long chain that is then folded into a three-dimensional structure unique to each type of protein. The covalent linkage between two adjacent amino acids
it aids in the production of a isotonic environment. We also hypothesized that hemolysis of the 0.3 M ethylene glycol solution would be quick and 0.3 M glycerol and 0.3M glucose solutions would occur much more slowly based on their structure and hydroxyl