#Inorganic Fullerene
These are materials with fullerene - like molecular structures but lacking carbon include MoS2, WS2, TiS2 and NbS2. Under isostatic pressure, these new materials were found to be stable up to at least 34.3 GPa.
#Fullerene Reactions
*1. Nucleophilic Addition: * A nucleophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron-deficient or electrophilic double or triple bond reacts with electron-rich reactant (nucleophile) with disappearance of the double bond and creation of two new single bonds. Examples of nucleophiles are Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents. Example of nucleophilic reaction is the reaction of C60 with methylmagnessium chloride
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Hydroxylation:* This is the process of introducing a hydroxyl (-OH) group into a compound. Fullerenes can be hydroxylated to fullerenols or fullerols. Water solubility depends on the total number of hydroxyl groups that can be attached. The maximum number of hydroxyl groups that can be attached (hydrogen peroxide method) stands at 36 - 40
*6. Electrophilic Addition:* This is an addition reaction where in a chemical compound, a pi-bond is broken and two new omega bonds are formed. Fullerenes reacts in electrophilic additions e.g reaction with bromine adding up to 24 bromine atoms to the sphere.
*7. Retro Addition:* This is used in removing substituents after they have served their purpose. e.g. are the retro - Bingel reaction and retro - prato reaction
*8. Carbene Additions:* A Carbene is a molecule containing a neutral carbon atom with a valance of two and two unshared valence electrons. Methylene (H2C:) is the simplest form. Carbene addition is the introducing of Carbene to another compound. Fullerene react with Carbene to form methanofullerene.
*9. Radical Addition:* A radical is a group of atoms joined by covalent bonds that take part in reactions as a single unit. Fullerene can be considered as radical scavengers (a chemical substance added to a mixture in order to remove or de-activate impurities and unwanted reaction
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The first available purification method for C60 fullerene was by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) from which small amounts could be generated at large expense.
#Properties of Fullerene
(1) fullerene is stable but not totally unreactive
(2) fullerene can trap other atoms inside them to form inclusion compounds known as endohedral fullerenes e.g. the egg-shaped fullerene Tb3NaC84.
(3) fullerene is sparingly soluble in many solvents e.g. toluene
(4) some fullerenes are inherently chiral
(5) They tend to react as electrophiles
(6) fullerene can be found in soot, interstellar dust and geological formations on the earth.
#Uses of Fullerene
Fullerenes are widely used, but I will just be listing but a few of the uses below
(1) fullerene binds specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma.
(2) fullerene can be used as light activated antimicrobial agents
(3) it is used as an insulator
(4) it is used as a
In a small reaction tube, the tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.110 g, 0.28 mmol) was added into the dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (0.1 mL) and nitrobenzene (1 mL) along with a boiling stick. The color of the mixed solution was purple. The solution was then heated to reflux until it turned into a tan color. After the color change has occurred, ethanol (3 mL) was stirred into the small reaction tube. After that, the small reaction tube was placed in an ice bath until the solid was formed at the bottom of the tube. Then, the solution with the precipitate was filtered through vacuum filtration and washed with ethanol. The precipitate then was dried and weighed. The final product was dimethyl tertraphenylpthalate (0.086 g, 0.172mmol, 61.42%).
Alcohol, which is the nucleophile, attacks the acid, H2SO4, which is the catalyst, forming oxonium. However, the oxonium leaves due to the positive charge on oxygen, which makes it unstable. A stable secondary carbocation is formed. The electrons from the conjugate base attack the proton, henceforth, forming an alkene. Through this attack, the regeneration of the catalyst is formed with the product, 4-methylcyclohexene, before it oxidizes with KMnO4. In simpler terms, protonation of oxygen and the elimination of H+ with formation of alkene occurs.
The product was recrystallized to purify it and the unknown filtrate and nucleophile was determined by taking the melting points and performing TLC. Nucleophilic substitution reactions have a nucleophile (electron pair donor) and an sp3 electrophile (electron pair acceptor) with an attached leaving group. This experiment was a Williamson ether synthesis usually SN2, with an alkoxide and an alkyl halide. Conditions are favored with a strong nucleophile, good leaving group, and a polar aprotic solvent.
- Breaks large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bonding.
Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone The oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone involves the removal of hydrogen from the OH group. After separation and purification, an Infrared Spectrum will be run to determine the composition of the recovered material. Infrared Spectroscopy is a very powerful technique used in the determination of molecular structure and the identification of unknown organic materials.
A chemical reaction occurs when one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances. For example, some evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred is possible changes in energy, release of energy, formation of a new substance, or reduction or increase in temperature. This lab will be conducted in order to create a chemical reaction by changing the reaction rate of a substance. In order to change the reaction rate, a catalyst needs to be added.in this case the catalyst in a hydrogen ion. Iodine and propane will be mixed and then catalyzed by the hydrogen ions, in turn helping to change the rate of the reaction.
If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the?collision theory?. Reactions occur in all circumstances. Chemicals are always combining and breaking up. Reactants and products combine and break apart in all reactions.
Without this element life could not exist. Each compound is used for a certain reason.
Benzene is a chemical compound used in our everyday lives. Benzene is used to make chemicals and other household products. The chemical formula of Benzene is C6H6. Benzene’s atomic structure is a hexagon with a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to each shown in (Figure 1). When Benzene was first discovered it was called hydrocarbon. The chemical that we now call Benzene was discovered in 1825 by Michael Faraday. Michael Faraday discovered Benzene from an oily film that deposited from the gas used for lighting. Benzene has a great effect on the environment and health though exposure and effects may vary depending on the life style of a person.
It is also used in the manufacture of and in the production of important derivatives. Benzene and its derivatives are included in the important chemical group known as. When mixed with a large proportion of benzene, it makes a satisfactory. In Europe, benzene, mixed with other compounds, has long been added to motor fuels. Benzene was isolated in 1825 by Michael Faraday, but its structure remained amysterical for 40 years.
Gradually, phosgene became important in the chemical industry, finding its way into the dye industry in the 1800s. Today it has many industrial applications such as the formation of isocyanates, precursors to polyurethanes and for forming polycarbonates, both used heavily in many materials manufacturing. Aside from its industrial applications, phosgene is still used sparingly in the laboratory despite the many substitutes that have been developed. Its uses range from producing acid
Deprotonation is the process of removing a proton from a molecule. The leaving group will attract the proton from the hydrogen atom of the carboxylic acid. After deprotonation, carboxylate ion and alcohol will be formed as the final product. The carboxylate ion is our soap. Figure.7: Deprotonation Selection and Controlling of Independent Variables.
Carbon is one of the basic elements of matter (Bush 1230-1231). The name carbon comes from the Latin word "carbo" meaning charcoal.Carbon is the sixth most abundant element (Gangson). More than 1,000,000 compounds are made from carbon(Carbon (C)). "The Element Carbon is defined as a naturally abundant non-metallic element that occurs in many inorganic and in all organic compounds, exists freely as graphite and diamond and as a constituent of coal, limestone, and petroleum, and is capable of chemical self-bonding to form an enormous number of chemically, biologically, and commercially important molecules." Carbon is used in diamonds, petroleum oil, radiocarbon dating, smoke detectors, kerosine, gasoline, carbon fiber. (Alcin).
During a chemical reaction, the reactants interact when they are brought together. Sometimes other conditions are needed and sometimes the reaction will be spontaneous. During the reaction, the chemical will bonds one or perhaps more of the reactants change and are reconfigured or combined with atoms or parts of other molecules from other reagents and form new product chemicals. All of the atoms of the reactants are preserved in the produ...
Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process, two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes.n Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species. The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized, while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced. It can be explained in simple terms: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.As an example, during the combustion of wood, oxygen from the air is reduced, transferring electrons from the carbon.