Research question Does changing the length of the carbon chain effect the heat of combustion of water when heated for 2 minutes? If so, which fuel reaches the highest temperature during that time?
Aim
To investigate the relationship between three different alkanols in terms of their carbon chain length, rate of increased temperature, and heat of combustion, in order to determine which is the most efficient at heating water to a certain temperature whilst reducing time and effects on the environment.
Hypothesis
If the length of the carbon chain within an alkanol is increased, then the heat of combustion will also increase due to a greater amount of intermolecular forces between molecules, as there are more carbon-hydrogen molecules being added to the homologous series. Thus the amount of energy required to break those bonds will be much higher, causing a greater amount of energy being released during the reaction. Therefore enhancing the mass of the hydrocarbon and change in enthalpy which will consequently increase the heat of combustion.
Introduction
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What this means for the reaction is that there isn’t as much bonds being produced which will ultimately affect the amount of energy released in the form of heat, thus decreasing the overall heat of combustion whilst also effecting the reliability of the calculations.
There are four different types of hydrocarbons each having a different homologous series (formula for carbon chain). These being an alkane (formula = CnH2n+2), alkene (formula = CnH2n), alkyne (formula = CnH2n-2), and an alkanol which has the same formulae as an alkane only that is has a hydroxide molecule which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms (refer to figure 3 and
Combustion is a rapid, continuous reaction that usually takes place in the gas phase. Wood is an organic compound primarily comprised of cellulose. For wood, the phase change from a solid to gas is almost instantaneous as combustion occurs (Coleman, et al. 95). Ignition occurs when an outside source is no longer needed to sustain combustion (Coleman, et al. 87).
The burning of the materials is a complex process. Combustion of any material requires three components: heat, oxygen and combusting material or fuel. When heat is applied to the composites materials, temperature of the materials increases. At particular temperature, pyrolysis temperature, materials start to decompose, and produce
Patch burning has a positive and negative affect on plants, medium sized animals, birds and preventing wildfires. Patch burning is helping plants by giving them more space and values the growth. The production of dryer plants can cause more fires then there already is. The dryer the area is, the more possible chance a fire could happen in that area.
This is expressed as Δ +ve (delta positive). If the total energy put in is less than the energy created, then the substance warms up (it is exothermic). This is expressed as Δ -ve (delta negative). I will investigate eight different alcohols using an alcohol or spirit burner, to measure the energy change during burning by measuring the change in temperature of some water held in a container.
If the pot is close to the heat source, more heat is directed to the water so it will be heated faster. Alcohols: Different alcohols have different bond structures, some bonds need more energy to break them than others, and some release more energy when they are broken. Temperature increase: I could change the amount the temperature has to rise before I record my results. This will only affect the amount of fuel used, so hasn’t got much relevance to the experiment. If I did a calculation from the results I have for the temperature rising to 10 c then I would be able to work out how much fuel would be used, if I heated the water to 50 c. X 10 x 50" By dividing the amount of fuel used by the temperature raised you will be given the amount of fuel used per c. If you multiply the amount of fuel used per c, by the amount you want to find results for, you will be given an exact amount for how much fuel would be used if you heated the water to that specific temperature.
It was hypothesised that the longer the carbon chain of the alcohol, the greater the heat output and flame length would be. It was also hypothesised that the longer the flame length the less heat it would produce as there was not a focused point of heat output. The results that were gathered from the experiments did not support the hypothesis. Although this was the case, the results taken are still valuable in some ways. For example, it was noted that as the length of carbon chain in alcohols increased, the flame length decreased. This was quite fascinating. Further research into why this is the case could perhaps be beneficial. It was also discovered that increased flame length increases enthalpy of ethanol. This also provides further ares
Specific heat capacity of aqueous solution (taken as water = 4.18 J.g-1.K-1). T = Temperature change (oK). We can thus determine the enthalpy changes of reaction 1 and reaction 2 using the mean (14) of the data obtained. Reaction 1: H = 50 x 4.18 x -2.12.
This software enables you to simulate experiments. This means that I am able to quickly carry out experiments to help in planning for my investigation. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Alcohol Temperature Increase (oC) Mass of burner before exp. (g) Mass of burner after exp.
XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
The total enthalpy change for a petrol-ethanol fuel mixture was calculated by multiplying the percentage of ethanol in a sample by the enthalpy of combustion of pure ethanol and adding that value to the value obtained by multiplying the percentage of petrol by the enthalpy of combustion of pure petrol.
Ulbig et al. [14] and [15] carried out precise measurements of heat generated when propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG) and ethanol (ET) were diluted with water, respectively. Hubert et al. [16] showed heat absorption by infinite dilution of NaCl solution with water, and Khrenova et al. [17] showed heat absorption by infinite dilution of NaNO3 solution. Using these results, heat from mixing or dilution at 25 °C for each solution was approximated using a least squares method as follows, respectively:
Alternatives to CFCs - EasyChem - The Ultimate Resource for HSC Chemistry: Syllabus-Based Dot-Point Study Notes/Summaries, Past Exam Papers, and More. 2014. Alternatives to CFCs - EasyChem - The Ultimate Resource for HSC Chemistry: Syllabus-Based Dot-Point Study Notes/Summaries, Past Exam Papers, and More. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.easychem.com.au/monitoring-and-management/the-atmosphere/alternatives-to-cfcs. [Accessed 26 April 2014].
" Carbon is used in diamonds, petroleum oil, radiocarbon dating, smoke detectors, kerosine, gasoline, carbon fiber. Alcin is a member of the Council of the United States. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds (Alcin). Carbon is less than one percent of all matter. Carbon is part of every living thing (Gangson).
Temperature affects various processes in the water quality (ANZECC 1992). The rate of chemical reactions, for example, is activated when high water temperature occurs which causes evaporation of certain substances that may be present in the water. Also, as water temperature increases, the solubility rate of gases in water, such as oxygen (O2), decreases and respiration rates of aquatic organisms increases which results to greater oxygen consumption (Chapman and Kimstach 1992). A change in water temperature also causes greater destruction of aquatic life and problem of unwanted growth of water plants and wastewater fungus (Metcalf and Eddy 1991).
The purpose of this project was to determine if algae would produce more energy than sunflower oil and canola oil. The hypothesis was that algae would produce more energy. The type of algae that was used for the experiment was chlorella. The project experiment involved growing algae in water which was placed under a carbon dioxide tank. The algae required a 12 hour light cycle per day to grow efficiently. Once grown, the algae was placed into a bomb calorimeter to measure the amount of heat energy it produces. Since there wasn’t a high quantity of algae, it was mixed in with sunflower oil. Subsequently, the sunflower oil and canola oil were also tested in the bomb calorimeter to measure the amount of heat energy they generate. The algae produced - 56.2670 kJ/g compared to sunflower oil producing -36.5578 kJ/g and canola oil producing -3.4893 kJ/g in the bomb calorimeter. This result confirms that the algae produces more than sunflower oil and canola oil.