Oxygen is an essential component for cellular metabolic processes. As a result of normal cellular metabolism, oxidative products i.e. oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species are produced. In eukaryotic cells energy is generated in mitochondria as a result of aerobic respiration and this oxidative metabolism is responsible for formation of various compounds. Nearly all of these compounds are advantageous but a small proportion could be lethal if produced in higher concentration. During normal conditions small quantities of oxidative products are necessary for certain sub cellular events, including enzyme activation, formation of disulfide bond during the folding of new proteins, signal transduction and gene expression etc. (Yu etal., 2002; Droge, 2002). Oxidative stress can be defined as the excessive production of ROS which are not adequately removed from the body, because of reduced antioxidant defense system or the ROS increases beyond the capacity of antioxidants. The balance between oxidants and antioxidants is vital because oxidative stress can cause oxidative damages to N.A, lipids and proteins. The most important ROS are superoxide anion (O2−), singlet oxygen (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH-). Whereas, antioxidant defense system is responsible to give protection against ROS. These antioxidants can scavenge and destroy ROS. The major antioxidant enzymes are catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) PON ….. and glutathione system (Sies, 1985; Valko et al., 2007; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1990).
Oxidative stress is critical as it is extensively related to human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, cataract, aging and cancer (Zhao and Zha...
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...the activation of MAP kinases (Block et al., 2003). MAPK pathway influence regulation and transformation processes of cell growth (Finkel and Holbrook, 2000). Studies of oxidative stress mechanisms have shown that MAP kinases may be associated with the pathogenesis of diseases related to oxidative stress (Thannickal and Fanburg, 2000).
The objective of the current project is to determine the effects of oxidative stress on normal human liver cell line and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Altered protein expression generated as a result of oxidative stress will be studied by using proteomic techniques. This may be helpful in understanding the effects of mechanism of oxidative stress and identifying oxidative biomarkers involved in carcinogenesis. Identification of new biomarkers of the disease could be helpful in early diagnosis and hence better treatment..
Dr. Janis Eells presented a study that was accomplished by her and her students under the title “UNBLINDED BY THE LIGHT: Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerative Disease”. The purpose of this study is to determine whether photobiomodulation with near-infrared is able to treat retinal degeneration diseases. Thus, they hypothesis that the exposure of a rodent model of methanol toxicity to photobiomodulation (PBM) with near-infrared (NIR) could play a potential role in protecting the retina against the toxic actions of the methanol- derived formic acid. What is known about the topic is that if a small amount of methanol is injected it will rapidly cause permanent blindness. The methanol is metabolized to a mitochondrial toxin, and it is formic acid that can inhibit Cytochrome c Oxidase. This formic acid is able to interrupt mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress in the retina and optic nerve which eventually leads to blindness. In order to fully test their hypothesis, the rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: untreated control, LED-treated control, methanol-intoxicated, and LED-treated, methanol-intoxicated rats. they used electroretinogram as a sensitive indicator of retinal function, the experimental rats under methanol intoxication were exposed to three ...
AGEs alter the mechanical properties of cells and tissues by crosslinking intracellular and extracellular proteins. They also bind to cell surface receptors called receptor for AGEs (RAGE), thus interrupting various cellular processes. Through laboratory experiments, scientists have shown that glycation of mitochondrial proteins, lipids and DNA may induce mitochondrial dysfunction due to a decrease in ATP production and increased free radical formation. The mitochondria are specialized...
In a healthy and young body, both antioxidants and the cell’s own repair capabilities work together to keep the cell intact. However, if the cell has become way too damaged for quite some time and cannot manage all the lesions created by free radicals, it can lose its ability to deal with the damages. This can also be referred to as the oxidative stress that the cells incur. Thus, they die quickly or begin replicating their damaged forms, and create a domino effect of the body gradually not being able to continue maintaining proper functioning
2.2.1. The analysis for the ability of the antioxidant activity to prevent the occurred of hydroperoxide.
A stress fracture may be one of the most provoking injuries a runner can develop. Runners just always want to improve their personal best time and challenge themselves on how far they can run. But runners never pay attention to what they can do to their feet in the long term. This fracture usually occurs after a sudden increase in activity, and result from overuse. As a runner’s distance increases or intensity of the run, adjustment of the muscles may occur rapidly than bones. The human foot has five metatarsal bones. The big toe is labeled number one; the little toe is number five. Metatarsal stress fractures happen typically in numbers two, three, and four bones enduring the greatest shock when the foot strikes the ground. This becomes imbalance and accommodated when the exercise routine is advance gradually. When muscular contractions are rapid in can overcome the re-modeling bony architecture, and the bone cannot take any more stress, the crack occurs and metatarsal stress fracture develops.
Yellow pigment from Staphylococcus aureus which is called as staphyloxanthin.it prevents CCl4 induced oxidative stress in swissalbino mice(Kurjogietal.2010).Pateletal. (2007) were successful in producing Naphthaquinone pigment(an antioxidant pigment) from Comamonas testosteroniand and telling its protective role against superoxide free
Another study proposed that CR slowed aging process by increasing resistance to hyperoxidation. As aging progressed in yeast and other animals, the presence of free radicals increased in the cells. Usually, the levels of the...
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance in oxidant production and antioxidant defense mechanisms; this means that either the overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and / or a decreased antioxidant capacity leads to
to the environment and social life. There are different types of stress and its stressors we face in our daily lives. A huge source of stress comes from the workplace. It is caused by work and workload. Many employees become victim of the stress in the workplace both physically and mentally. This is underlying the workplace stress. This essay will discuss internal and external stress.
Stress is defined in the dictionary as “state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life”. Everyone encounters stress in their life caused by many different variables in life and we all cope with in different ways. The way one copes with the stress is how it can affect our body. Some take to working out, eating healthy, take breaks from what is stressing you out and getting plenty of sleep which are good ways to cope with it. Some take to other coping mechanisms that are not very great for the body. Some examples are stress eating, abuse of drugs and alcohol, bottling up the stress, and depression. These bad methods can cause serious damage to one’s health on the body.
Stress has various effects on the body, both psychological and physiological. Stress can have positive effects on the body and can be beneficial, but frequent stress will eventually cause negative effects on the body.
Despite that many don 't realize the dangers, stress is one of the most significant problems of modern times, causing serious problems on physical and mental health. Stress symptoms may be affecting a patients health, even though a doctor may not realize it. Don 't assume that an illness is to blame for that excruciating headache or your sleep deprivation. Let 's face it, everyone copes with stress. Sometimes stress is in our favor, but other times it could feel like stress is taking over. " Stress is a normal physical response your body uses to protect itself from challenges life throws at it each day"(Stress and Health: How Stress Affects Your Health) Stress affects everyone differently, so it 's important to understand what may be causing
We have all had these feelings before. Anxious thoughts, a short temper, trouble sleeping and concentrating, a constant headache, your back and shoulders always hurting, you are stressed out.
Stress is in our everyday lives. We allow things such as the way we live, school, work, family, relationships etc to stress us out. Some people deal with stress way different from others. Some may know how to cope with stress better than others. We allow stress to take a major toll over our lives when we are suppose to fight it, but a lot of people can’t do that. Stress makes you act and do things that are not like yourself. Stress is a negative word; it comes in all different shapes and forms.
Everyday, there are workers who come home from their jobs with a high amount of health issues. Headaches, aching muscles, exhaustion, and many more health issues have workers wondering why this is happening. All of these symptoms can be linked to stress in the workplace. Job stress has become more of a problem than ever before. Numerous studies show that job stress is the major source of stress for American adults and that it has escalated progressively over the past few decades (“Workplace Stress,” 2004). Stress has become more common and costly in the workplace not only for the workers, but also the companies. What is considered stress in the workplace? Many companies everyday are dealing with issues related to stress in the workplace. For example, the Blackpool Fylde and Wyre NSH Trust Foundation Hospital noticed there were issues with stress when people began calling out sick. Their consultant for occupational health began to see a pattern of worker stress that might be the case. With stress being such a big issue in the workplace, are there ways a company can decrease the amount of stress?