1.1.1 Glycoproteins and biosynthesis 1.1.1.1. N-Linked glycoproteins N-Linked glycoproteins were traditionally considered unique for eukaryotic systems. It was not until more recently that their presences in bacteria and archaea become recognized. N-Glycans in eukaryotes share some common features and have a common core structure. They consist of common monosaccharide units. However, their structures in bacteria and archaea are more diverse and contain both common and rare monosaccharide building
Type I markers Type I markers are associated with genes of known function. RFLP is the only molecular markers as a type I marker type because they were recognized during investigation of known genes [11]. Likewise, allozymes markers were considered as a type I markers as the protein they encode has known function. EST markers were also classified as type I markers because they represent the transcripts of a genes [11]. The significance of type I markers was not fully appreciated in the early stages
of diseased person and provided the clue for further experimentations. The genome was tacked using deep sequencing procedure. Further phylogenetic studies indicated more differences with other known rhabdoviruses. Antibodies specific for CCHFV glycoprotein was developed. Neutralization was seen with CCHF-G.Hemorrhagic fever with this kind of virus seems unusual in humans because none of the virus of this family is associated with this kind of disease indicating that BAS-Congo virus was the initial
require the identified CYP isoenzymes. The result is decreased efficacy of the affected medications. There is also increased production of P-glycoprotein with St. John’s Wort, which causes decreased absorption in the small intestine and kidneys, leading to enhanced renal excretion (Russo et al, 2014). Factors affecting the degrees of CYP and P-glycoprotein stimulation include ethnicity and hyperforin levels, which can vary among supplements (Russo et al., 2014). Use of St. John’s Wort is contraindicated
were composed out of two (2) types of glycoproteins on the surface. These proteins are called hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) (Cheung and Poon, 2007). Avian Influenza (AI) is
The Functions of Proteins in Plants and Animals Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. When amino acids are linked together, they form polypeptide chains and bonded together by peptide bonds. There are different structures of polypeptides primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The primary structure is a straight chain of polypeptides. Secondary structure is the polypeptide chain coiling to form an α helix or
to target macrophages, dendritic cells, and host cell glycoproteins. It is the binding to the glycoproteins that allows the virus to bind to epithelial cells, by allowing the spread of virus to internal organs and causing cell death. [1] “The glycoprotein is exposed on the surface of the viral envelope and is responsible for entry of the virions through an interaction with a receptor in the host cell” [3]. The locations of the glycoproteins make it an ideal target for vaccines since it is on the
Introduction In 1918-19 approximately 50 million deaths were a detriment of the Spanish H1N1 virus pandemic; a respiratory virus. According to the World Health Organization, the second Influenza A H1N1 pandemic in 2009 spread to more than 200 countries causing more than 18 000 deaths. Before the World Health Organization had announced the official end of the pandemic in August 2010, in July 2009 the World Health Organization sent out a phase 6 warning that H1N1 could soon be a global pandemic.
Introduction Carbohydrates are more than just fuels for the body and have other uses. Carbohydrates are hydrocarbons containing a carbonyl group and many alcohol groups. Their polymers can complex or they be simple and contain just one repeating monosaccharide, the roles of polymers can be many such as structural, storage or even signalling. (Tymoczko et al, 2012 p. 131) Monosaccharides Monosaccharides come in 2 forms, aldoses and ketoses. There can be up to seven carbons in the chain however most
abnormalities affecting the brain, eye, and skeletal muscle, and show a dramatic gradient of phenotypic severity that ranges from the most devastating in Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS; OMIM# 236670), to... ... middle of paper ... ...e in vertebrates. Glycoproteins in the cell wall of yeasts and fungi are known to bear phosphodiester-linked glycans that are generated by a process involving phosphorylation on the C6 position of mannose (28). It is interesting that -DG, which is well conserved as an epithelial
Epidemiology Outbreaks of Hendra virus have been recorded across Queensland and New South Wales. Since its first emergence in 1994, there have been 49 recorded outbreaks of Hendra, all involving infection of horses. As a result of these events, over 80 horses have died or been euthanased (AVA, 2014). 7 human cases of infection have occurred involving individuals in close contact with infected horses, with 4 of these individuals dying, giving a fatality rate of 57% (DAFF, 2013). Fruit bats (flying
Retrovirus are any RNA disease/virus that belongs to the family Retrofired. The virus was discovered in 1971 by Howard Temin and David Baltimore. 8uRetroviruses are uniquely shaped viruses, confusing features and overwhelming morbidity of the disease they cause. The genome of Retroviruses consists of RNA into DNA. Retrovirus have an outer envelope, which came from the plasma membrane of the host. There is an envelope protein in the lipid bilayer, actually many copies of this. The virus has a capsid
Penumovirinae. It has a single serotype and two antigenic subtypes, A or B. In total, 8 out of the total ten RSV proteins are seen in infected cells and virions, eight being structural and two being non-structural (3). The viral envelope has three glycoproteins: G, F, and SH protein (4). In addition, RSV has 5 other structure proteins which include L, N, P, M and M2-1 (4). Two non-structural proteins: NS1 and NS2 are identified with RSV, but it is still unknown whether these two proteins are a part of
WHAT IS AIDS? AIDS stand for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ACQUIRED, how? The blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of people with the AIDS virus contains enough of the virus to transmit it to another person. Most people who have acquired the AIDS virus have done so by having sex with an infected person, sharing a needle with one, or being born to a mother who is infected. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY? Catching the AIDS virus can be lethal because it affects the immune system, which is
nucleocapsid is derived from the host cell’s membrane (12). The Ebola virus is made up of a nucleoprotein, a glycoprotein, a polymerase, 7 polypeptides, and 4 undesignated proteins (12). The genome of Ebola consists of a single strand of negative RNA. Negative RNA is noninfectious itself. The original genome is 3’ untranslated region, nucleoprotein, viral structured protein, VP35, VP40 glycoprotein, VP30, VP24, polymerase (L), 5’ untranslated region (12). The Ebola virus resides in the proteins that
breakdown of complex carbohydrates. The sublingual salivary glands produces mucous excretion that functions as a lubricant and buffer (Martini et al., 2015). The submandibular salivary glands produces mucin which is a combination of buffers and glycoproteins, salivary amylase is also released. Each gland releases their products through their respective ducts into the buccal cavity or mouth. Saliva itself consist 99.4% of water and the 0.6% left are buffers, electrolytes, mucins, enzymes and antibodies
identification of reliable biomarkers that can be effectively used for early detection, prognosis ... ... middle of paper ... ...ular functions, such as transport of positively charged compounds, cell-to-cell repulsion, influencing conformation of glycoproteins on cell membranes, and even masking antigenic determinants on receptor molecules. Sialic acid should be focused as a tumor marker from the perspective of aberrant glycosylation in cancer cell membranes resulting in activation of new glycosyl transferases
proteins found in HSV, which is the prototype of the alpha herpes viruses, such as glycoprotein D (Mandell et al., 2009). The virus has a high sensitivity to temperature and becomes inactivated at approximately 56-60 degrees Celsius (Arvin, 1996). If it is was exposed to such a high temperature the viral envelope would be disrupted making the virus not infectious. Varicella zoster virus produces six or more glycoproteins, such as gB (gpII), gC (gpIV), gE (gpI), gH(gpIII), and gL, which are also expressed
Title : With the aid of diagrams, compare the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells All the living beings are made up of cells. They contain nucleus, which controls and performs their activities. The cells are divided into the two main categories depending on whether they contain nucleus or not. They are: Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Simplest and ancient Complex and evolved from prokaryotes Single-cell Single - celled or
Food are consists by essential of fats, protein and carbohydrates. This all elements are needed in the body of an organism because to sustain growth, repair cells and give energy. From the above pictures show the food packaging of the Instant Asam Fish Sauce by the Mak Nyonya brand. This food is mostly consume by the students because it cheap, easy to cook and have all nutrients that body need. From the packaging, it states that the food have 12.6g of the saturated fats, 2.8mg of the sodium, 22