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Anatomy and physiology of RSV and bronchiolitis
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Epidemiology: RSV plays a major role in respiratory infection among the childhood population, especially infants and younger children. It is the leading viral agent respiratory tract disease worldwide, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. There are about 100,000 cases and 4,500 deaths yearly of RSV infections in the United States (1). Typically, all children are infected with RSV by age 2 to 3; however, the infections can reemerge up to 5 to 6 per year. RSV was first extracted from chimpanzees that were showing upper respiratory tract disease as an agent in 1956 (1). The chimpanzees had an upper respiratory tract illness in addition to coryza, runny nose, and malaise. The humans that interacted with these chimpanzees soon also had mild upper respiratory tract illness. A Long strain was recovered in children who suffered from bronchopneumonia while a Schneider strain was recovered from a patient with croup. Together, a group of scientists combined all these strains into a term called “respiratory syncytial virus” (3). Characteristics: RSV is an enveloped, cytoplasmic, pleomorphic virus with negative single stranded RNA (3). This virus belongs in the paramuxoviridae family and in the subfamily Penumovirinae. It has a single serotype and two antigenic subtypes, A or B. In total, 8 out of the total ten RSV proteins are seen in infected cells and virions, eight being structural and two being non-structural (3). The viral envelope has three glycoproteins: G, F, and SH protein (4). In addition, RSV has 5 other structure proteins which include L, N, P, M and M2-1 (4). Two non-structural proteins: NS1 and NS2 are identified with RSV, but it is still unknown whether these two proteins are a part of the assem... ... middle of paper ... ...ng healthy infants (4). Risk factors for severe RSV infection or hospitalization can include premature birth, low birth weight, liver disease, Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities (4). Signs and symptoms are similar to those of the common cold. It can include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, pharyngitis, and cough (3). Other characteristics of RSV include mucosal edema and a fever (4). Usually, infections travel to the lower respiratory tract and cause bronchitis, pneumonia, fever, middle-ear disease, and wheezing. Typically the disease lasts for about 7-12 days. However, studies have shown than up to 75% of the patients with RSV bronchiolitis show symptoms of wheezing and pulmonary dysfunction years later (3). These symptoms decrease and disappear during the next 10 years but some patients have continued showing symptoms and classified as having asthma.
After an incubation period of five to ten days, or as long as 21 days, numerous symptoms can be observed. The symptoms come in two stages. The first stage consists of common cold symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. It is during this time that the disease is most contagious, and it lasts from one to two weeks.
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
Valley fever can cause many different symptoms. The infection mainly affects the lungs. Many of the symptoms resemble symptoms o...
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
Acute HBV infection is the most common type of infection in low endemic countries. The incubation period, from transmission to clearness, ranges from 40-180 days. The infection is either symptomatic or asymptomatic/ fulminant hepatitis. Children under the age of 5 years rarely experience symptomatic infection (10%), where’s about 30-40% infected adults and children above age 5 experience a symptomatic infection with yellowing of skin and teeth, vomiting, fatigue, laxity and abdominal pain [1].
However, during pregnancy, if a woman has a primary HSV-2 infection during her first trimester this can lead to a miscarriage of the fetus. If the primary infection occurs near the end of the pregnancy, it can cause neonatal infection, which can be fatal to the fetus. In addition, if the mother is contagious at the time of delivery, in other words, if the body is shedding the active virus, HSV-2 can also be transmitted to the newborn. If HSV-2 is transmitted to the newborn at the time of delivery it can cause skin, eye, and mouth infections that are characterized by sores that are already developed on the infant at the time of delivery or can develop
His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis, which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and respiratory crackles in chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010).
This disease is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person through exchange of bodily fluids such as blood or semen (or other). Symptoms include tiredness, aches, nausea & vomiting, loss of appetite, darkening of urine, tenderness in the stomach, or yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) (HEP-B). With acute HBV, the symptoms may appear 1 to 6 months after being exposed to it. With chronic HBV, the symptoms may take up to 30 years to appear after being exposed. Although some may experience these symptoms, many people (mostly adults) with chronic HBV do not experience the symptoms. The most common way of way of transmission of this disease is through sexual intercourse. By sexual intercourse, I mean any type of sex like vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Another way of transmission, although not as common in the United States (however the most common around the world), is through childbirth where the mother transmits it to the child. This is if the child doesn’t get the necessary vaccinations when supposed to. If a mother who is infected with the disease gives birth, the child is at high risk of developing chronic HBV if they don’t get the necessary immunizations at birth (including HBV vaccination). If the infant does not get the necessary immunizations, it can cause chronic liver disease and chronic HBV, which is persisten...
Introduction Living and working in both Australia and the UK, Barrie Patrick Marmion was a meticulous clinical microbiologist and academic; devoted to education, research and development within pathology, immunology and virology. His contribution to microbiology was invaluable in regards to the development of an effective Q fever vaccine. This report will examine Marmion’s research with respect to developing and promoting a Q fever vaccine, critically evaluating the impact of this accomplishment on disciplinary knowledge within microbiology and the broader medical community. A self-assessment concerning the research process, implementation of peer feedback and implications for further learning will also be included.
As described by Mukherjee (2010), src is a gene discovered in Rous sarcoma virus in which it encodes an on or off switch in numerous cellular functions as a way to regulate cell activities. Mukherjee added that the src proteins alter several target molecules, resulting in the tramsmission of signals to the nucleus that help regulate the cell. Furthermore, src gene is described as an oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells. According to Mukherjee (2010), "It was termed an oncogene, * a gene capable of causing cancer" (p. 358). src gene incredibly can transform cells from their original none mitotic to mitotic state leading to the cause of cancer. According to Mukherjee's (2010) description, Rous sarcoma virus is a
Although much is unknown on the causes of R.A. there are many things we see in correlation with the onset of disease. These include Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. The mycoplasma bacteria, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus and rubella (German measles) virus have all been considered as possible causative factors but conclusive evidence is still lacking (Zeliadt, 2010). Many times there have only been considerations for infectious bacteria causing this disease but now that idea is being questioned. A study involving mice in bacteria free cages showed that the friendly gut dwelling segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) can cause onset of R.A. in greater numbers than those without. The mice that did no...
If the baby is positive for infection, he or she will be treated with antibiotics too. if left untreated, the effects of chorioamnionitis to the baby will be sepsis, respiratory problems or
Adenoviruses are the cause to a wide range of illnesses; illnesses may vary from mild respiratory infections to life-threatening multi-organ diseases. Individuals with a weak immune system are at risk to attain the virus. Infections with the adenovirus often result in the development of infections in the upper respiratory tract. Adenoviral infections are often acute, they are self-limiting, and are not associated with death. Adenoviruses are of the Adenoviridae family. Adenoviruses are 90–100 nm in size; they are nonenveloped, which implies they are without an outer lipid bilayer. Because they are large in size, they can be transported through the endosome. Adenoviruses contain an icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains a double stranded DNA genome. The icosahedral protein shell is 70 to 100 nm in diameter, and is made up of two hundred and fifty-two structural capsomeres. There are twelve vertices of the icosahedron, which are occupied by units that are called pentons; each penton has a small projection called a fiber. Hexons compose the edges and the twenty faces of the icosahedron;...
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...