organic solvents such as acetone and ether. They are relatively small molecules compared to the polysaccharides, but because they are insoluble they tend to join together to form globules. Lipids can be split into the following They are glycerol, fatty acids, oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids and triglycerides (ester). The properties of the fats are, · Fats are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. · Behave as water hating molecules ( hydrophobic molecules) · They
organisms: triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids (hormones). Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol molecule, with three fatty acid chains attached by ester linkages. Glycerol is an alcohol containing 3 carbon atoms. The fact it is an alcohol means it has an -OH group at one end. Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains, with a -COOH group at one end. This -COOH group reacts with the -OH group of glycerol, and a condensation reaction occurs, which is what forms the ester linkage. As this breaks
iii. Separation of the biodiesel from the glycerol is much easier. Homogeneous catalysts are very effective catalysts but the major problem with the use of these type of catalysts is their removal from the methyl ester requiring excessive washing. Therefore, water, a lot of energy, and time are consumed. And these catalysts cannot be reused. Due to this heterogeneous (solid) base catalysts being insoluble. They are separated simply by filtration and can be reused many times. A lot of research has
of glycerin or glycerol by using falling ball viscometer technique. Background: When a body falls in a liquid under the force of gravity, it accelerates until weight of the body is balanced by the buoyancy force and drag force. Terminal velocity is gained by the body at this point. Viscosity of the liquid can be evaluated by measuring this terminal velocity of the body in the liquid. In this experiment a steel sphere was allowed to fall in glycerol and dynamic viscosity of glycerol was measured
around five minutes, but in glycerol RBCs diffuse in fifteen minutes. Several factors are involved that affect the rate at which the RBCs diffuse, could have been because of the size, polarity, or the charge of the molecule. Urea is the carbonic acid found in urine, blood, and lymph; it is formed in the liver from amino acids and ammonia. It is important that urea is permeable because the amount of urea in the body is essential because it helps undergo waste product. Glycerol is combination of sugar
used). I have chosen to make my own soap rather than using commercial soap as it allows me to modify the ingredients for experimental purposes and allow me to acquire new Since glycerol has three –OH (alcohol) functional groups, three fatty acids are needed to make three ester functional groups and form tri-ester of glycerol or triglyceride. In addition, water is eliminated in this process. Figure.4: Esterfication of Triglyceride Saponification Saponification is a chemical reaction to break ester
plants. Fats are of animal origin, while oils tend to be found in plants. Fats and oils are made up of a glycerol (a type of alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each of its three carbons) and three fatty acids (an organic acid). Since there are three fatty acids attached, these are known as triglycerides. A condensation reaction produces a triglyceride and water molecule when the glycerol and three fatty acids react together (see diagram below). The fatty acid molecules are insoluble in water
triacyl glycerol acylhydrolases and belong to the class of serine hydrolases. Lipases catalyze a variety of chemical reactions which are found in a wide range including animals, plants and microorganisms (Jaeger and Eggert, 2002). Lipases catalyze both the synthesis of esters from glycerol and long chain fatty acids and the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into fatty acids, partial acylglycerols and glycerol. Lipases are unique in catalyzing the hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol at the
Unsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bond. These are as follows. 1. Monounsaturated fatty acids: Oleic series (one double bond) 2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic series (two double bonds), linolenic series (three double bonds), Fatty acids with four double bonds (arachidonic acid). The carbon atoms in fatty acids are numbered from the carboxyl carbon (carbon no. 1). The carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl carbon (that is carbon no. 2, 3 & 4) are known as α, β and
Carbohydrates - the main role of a carbohydrate is to provide energy, this is because they are the body's main source of fuel, which is needed for physical activity, brain and operation of the organs. All the tissues and cells in the body need carbs but not only that they are also important for intestinal health. Carbohydrates are biological molecules that contain carbon(c), hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O) atoms. Monosaccharides are the simplest unit of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar.
protein. The stomach also discharges gastric lipids that act on butterfat. Tributyrinase anatomizes the fat within the cheese and the turkey and bread of the sandwich into tributyrin. The tributyrin undergoes more chemical reaction transform it into glycerol and fatty acids. The turkey, cheese lettuce and bread are further broken down by pancreatic amylase digesting the starches breaking them down into disaccharides, lactose, sucrose, and maltose. These are further broken down into monosaccharides, lactose
The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of the alcohol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) CH2OHCHOHCH2OH and long chain carboxylic acids (often known as fatty acids) RCO2H, where the alkyl groups contain between 7 and 21 carbon atoms.”2 Saponification is the chemical reaction between fat and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Saponification
Hydrolysis of Lipids Using an Enzyme Called ‘Lipase’ Research and Rationale Enzymes Enzymes are made up of proteins that are available in every cell of a living plant and animal [9] .Enzymes are very important for biochemical reactions. They act as catalysts and speed up biochemical reactions by using ‘an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy’ [5].Enzymes either starts a chemical reaction or allows it to occur faster [9]. Enzymes do not experience enduring changes therefore;
solidify. The petri dishes were seal with parafilm tape and inverted before store at 4 °C together with LB Broth. 3.2 Colony Screening from Glycerol Stock Petri dishes contain LB Agar that was prepared was used for streak plate method. Next, flame the inoculum loop and wait for it to cool down. The inoculum loop takes a drop of the liquid culture medium (Glycerol Stock) and spread carefully in a line across the surface of the agar. Sterilise the loop in the flame again and allow it to cool. Turn the
1. The advantage of mini-cycle for the glucose metabolism will be less consuming time to produce glucose 6 phosphate because oxaloacetate can be produced rapidly from alpha-ketoglutarate. If there is deficiency of glucose 6 phosphates, the body can use mini-cycle to produce it by converting oxaloacetate (278). The disadvantage will always need enough oxygen to process this reaction because mini-cycle is aerobic metabolism (304). For the fatty acid metabolism, citrate can produce rapidly from alpha-ketoglutarate
other substances such as the waxes which cover insect bodies and plant leaves. Lipids are a mixed group of hydrophobic compounds composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Triglycerides are commonly called fats or oils. They are made of glycerol and fatty acids. They are present in a wide range of living organisms and help to insulate and protect animals such as seal and marine birds. If there are no C=C double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, then it is a saturated fatty acid (i.e
soap solution and that in the 0.9 NaCl (standard) solution there would be no hemolysis because it aids in the production of a isotonic environment. We also hypothesized that hemolysis of the 0.3 M ethylene glycol solution would be quick and 0.3 M glycerol and 0.3M glucose solutions would occur much more slowly based on their structure and hydroxyl
3.2.7 Liquid Paraffin It is a transparent, colorless, viscous, oily liquid. It is tasteless and odorless when cold and have a faint odor of petroleum when heated. It is practically insoluble in 95% ethyl alcohol, glycerin and water. It is soluble in benzene, acetone, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ether and petroleum ether. It is miscible with volatile oils and fixed oils except castor oil (74). A) Nonproprietary Names • BP: Liquid Paraffin • JP: Liquid Paraffin • PhEur: Paraffin, Liquid • USP:
is one source of energy for the human body. We eat food containing one form of lipids, triacylglycerols. Before starting lipid metyabolism, these fats get broken down into droplets by bile salts.Triacylglycerols can be broken into fatty acids plus glycerol via hydrolysis with the help of the pancreatic lipase enzymen and then get used by cells for energy by breaking down even further. Once the pancreas and cells have enough energy and don’t need to absorb anymore, fatty acids get synthesized back into
function and structure Fats, oils and cholesterol • Provide energy and key components in cell membranes, neurons and hormones • Made of chains of fatty acids hooked to glycerol molecules Fats and oils • Store lots of chemical energy in organisms • Animal fat-meat, butter • Plant fat- oil like olive oil, peanut oil • Both contain glycerol, a molecule, bonded to fatty acids • Your body can make fatty acids but you need essential fatty acids from