Elizabeth Ord
2nd period Chemistry
Mr. Evans
December 5, 2017 Saponification
Hygiene is an important part of our world today. Soap and detergent are important for public and personal health. It keeps our bodies and clothes clean. It removes germs and other contaminants which helps to prevent the spread of infection. The areas that do not have access to soap have many problems with infections and diseases that can cause death.
Soap making is an ancient process. People have been making soap dating back to 2800 BC. Soap was not initially made or used for bathing and personal hygiene but was produced for cleaning cooking utensils, goods, and used for medicinal purposes. The use of soap for personal cleanliness and hygiene became increasingly
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The animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of the alcohol, propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) CH2OHCHOHCH2OH and long chain carboxylic acids (often known as fatty acids) RCO2H, where the alkyl groups contain between 7 and 21 carbon atoms.”2 Saponification is the chemical reaction between fat and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Saponification comes from the Latin word, “sapo,” which means soap. The fats and oils come from animal or plant sources and is made up of distinctive mixture of several triglycerides. The fatty acids of a triglyceride are weak acids composed of a carboxyl acid group with one hydrogen atom, two oxygen atoms, and one carbon atom plus a hydrocarbon chain. The hydroxide is an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium. They are chemically a base that reacts or neutralizes an acid. During the saponification process, a triglyceride reacts with aqueous hydroxide ion to form a mixture of glycerol and fatty acid salts, or soap. This process is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Triglyceride plus sodium hydroxide equals glycerol plus three soap molecules. An exothermic reaction occurs when fats or oils come into contact with a strong base. Soap uses carboxylic acid such as sodium stearate which contains eighteen carbon atoms.
When sodium hydroxide used a hard soap is produced. Potassium hydroxide reacting with a triglyceride produces a soft soap. Triglycerides are three fatty acids
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The cold process uses exothermic heat reaction and takes place at room temperature. The cold process uses exact measurements of lye and fat. It uses a saponification chart to make sure the finished product does not contain too much hydroxide or free unreacted fat. The hot process uses heat to speed up the saponification reaction. The reactants are boiled and the glycerol is removed. The advantage of the hot process is that exact amounts of hydroxide does not need to be accurate. The difference between the two process is that cold processed soap must cure for four to six weeks and hot process soap does not need to cure. Hot processed soap has a rustic look, while cold processed soap is smoother and has a polished
...nerated and replaced by fat. Recently, specific compounds in the oil have been identified, they produce regeneration that is even more amazing than that produced by the oil itself. (Gerras, 1056)
head group is attached to one of the glycerol hydroxyls with addition to the two hydrocarbon fatty
4. Lorenzo’s Oil is 4 parts oleic acid to 1 part erucic acid. It forces enzymes in the body to use oleic acid instead of saturated fatty acids. It turns off the "synthesis" spout in the sink. (The other spout is the "intake" spout from food that is eaten.
Lipid metabolism is one source of energy for the human body. We eat food containing one form of lipids, triacylglycerols. Before starting lipid metyabolism, these fats get broken down into droplets by bile salts.Triacylglycerols can be broken into fatty acids plus glycerol via hydrolysis with the help of the pancreatic lipase enzymen and then get used by cells for energy by breaking down even further. Once the pancreas and cells have enough energy and don’t need to absorb anymore, fatty acids get synthesized back into triacylgleryols. The excess triacylglycerols get stored in adipose tissue. Excess storage leads to weight gain and obesity.
...eicosapentaenoic acid), and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) are considered to be the three main fatty acids.
On repeating this experiment more care should be taken when purifying to remove the solvent impurities and minimise loss of crude product.
In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely.
“Researchers in London estimate that if everyone routinely washed their hands, a million deaths a year could be prevented” (“Hygiene Fast Facts”, 2013, p. 1). Hands are the number one mode of transmission of pathogens. Hands are also vital in patient interaction, and therefore should be kept clean to protect the safety of patients and the person caring for the patient. Hand hygiene is imperative to professional nursing practice because it prevents the spread of pathogens, decreases chances of hospital-acquired infections, and promotes patient safety. There is a substantial amount of evidence that shows why hand hygiene is important in healthcare
Basically, “cohesive forces decrease with an increase of molecular thermal activity.” (fsz.ifas.ufl.edu/surfacetensionandcapillarity) Which just means that the cohesive forces do not work well when the water has a warm temperature. An example is how you put your water an ice tray and put it in the freezer it freezes into ice cubes, this is because the temperature is so low that the cohesive forces bind together all the molecules in the water. The reason that dish soap and detergent lower the surface tension is because the soap molecule has a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end, so the hydrophilic end stays attached to the water molecule and to the other hydrophilic ends of other molecules but the hydrophobic end stays away from the water. Since the soap has an end away from the water and new, weaker film forms. So, since the new film made from the soap is weaker than the original surface tension film the water’s surface tension is lowered. As a result, having the water for dishes or clothes hot and have a soap or detergent makes the cleaning more effective and
Ultimately, with proper use and care they are still the essentials to keeping a healthy, happy, clean home. “Various household cleaning products have been developed to facilitate the removal of dust and dirt, maintenance and disinfection” (http://www.thisland.illinois.edu/57ways/57ways_22.html) Water alone can’t remove dirt. Soap allows oil and to mix so the dirt can be effectively removed. Surfactants lower the tension in water and help break down the oil and grease. Detergents have hydrophobic chemical chains which are repelled by water, whereas hydrophilic chains are attracted to water.
Emulsions are important in food science. Not only do they provide an important sensory aspect in many foods, but a functional one as well. From hollandaise to ice cream, getting hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules to play nice with each other can be a difficult task. According to Modern Cuisine, it was previously thought that Hollandaise, a classic French emulsion of egg and butter, could only be made by letting butter drip from natural heat of the hand. Of course, modern science has taught us that, with the use of emulsifiers, these mystic mixtures can be created without the voodoo and magic once thought necessary. This paper will discuss emulsions as applied to hollandaise, chocolate, hot dogs and their characteristic pH, moisture content, shelf stability and quality of viscosity. An explanation of the chemical processes that occur between the raw ingredients of each food and the relationship between the structure and function of their components will be explained, as well as the importance of the chemical changes that take place during production. The characteristics that define these foods as emulsions will be compared and contrasted to further elucidate the mystery of the emulsion. Bon Appetite!
Rinse off the soap using clean water. In the event that you are not using running water from the tap, fetch another bucket/bowl of clean water to wash your hands with.
Another group of lipids is soups and detergents these lipids are also known as car...
Laundry detergents have ingredients which consist of calcium and magnesium in washing solutions which provide its advantage to eradicate dirt or stains from our clothes with more efficiency than just normal water. Although laundry detergents can help remove dirt, stains, or germs like bacteria on our clothes, they may contain strong and dangerous chemicals. Laundry detergents can be a risk if swallowed, and cause nausea, vomiting, convulsions, irritated skin and eye, or even comas. In addition, you must keep these substance away from your child since they might not know what it is and might try
Excellent hygiene in nursing homes is a must. Residents that live there can easily get sick due to their medical condition, or they have a poor immune system. With all different types of bacteria and germs spread throughout a day, residents can be affected in a negative way. So with personal experience and some research, I am able to present to you the importance of hygiene of the residents' in nursing home care.