molecules called monomers linked together. Some polymers, like cellulose, occur naturally. Polymers have extremely high molecular weights, and made-up of many of the tissues of organisms, and have various uses in industries. The process by which molecules are linked together to form polymers is called polymerization (The American Heritage Science Dictionary, 2005). Polymeric compound is a compound made of many smaller molecules such as cellulose, chitin, soy protein, casein and many more. Polymeric is
Our walls and ceilings tragically lack cellulose insulation, permitting the cool air that the A/C worked so hard to produce seep out. The existing windows grant the heat from outside to attack our classroom’s temperature. To top it all off, the entire school sucks energy from the power grid like a plant sucks up water. Eco-friendly changes are not only simple, but just might break the grip of fossil fuels on our schools. Enhancing our walls with cellulose insulation offers us an easy way to not
Cellulose is an abundant polysaccharide consisting of a β-1, 4 linkage of D-glucose [1,3]. There is an array of applications for cellulose, including, but not limited to: biofuels, reinforcement agents, thickeners, dietary fiber, and even wound care. As of late, cellulose, as a waste product, has been in high demand as a reinforcement agent in synthetic, petroleum-based polymer matrices (petroleum based plastics) [3]. Cellulose I has good flexibility, it is abundant in nature and also biodegradable
Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are polymers composed of multiple subunits of monosaccharides (simple sugars). They are formed by condensation reaction, in the same way as disaccharides are formed, the difference stands in the larger number of monomer units which they are composed from . The number of monosacchardies composing the chain is variable, and there are two types of chains that can be formed: branched or unbranched. The chains may be folded, thus making them compact and therefore
Cellulases are o- glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyse β-1,4 glucosidic bonds in cellulose. Cellulase system is grouped into “glycoside hydrolases (GH) family” classified by different means, according to their substrate specifities, reaction, mechanisms or structural similarities. The cellulase complex is found to contain three basic components which may be present either as single polypeptide or can be grouped together into multienzyme complex known as cellulosome. Cellulase system is composed
approximately 5 billion gallons/ annum ethanol was produced using food grains and production of 8 billion gallons/ annum ethanol is expected in 2015 with the use of lignocellulosic biomass. Major constituents of biomass containing polymers of sugars are cellulose and hemicelluloses whereas lignin forms a protective covering against various in...
One of the materials commonly used in manufacturing shirts is cotton. Cotton is a natural fiber harvested from the cotton plant. The word ‘cotton’ refers to four species in the genus Gossypium (family Malvaceae), which are G.hirsutum L., G.barbadense L., G.arboreum L., and G.herbaceum L. (Tripathi & Warrier, 2011). The taxonomy of cotton is as follow: Name Cotton Kingdom Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Malvales Family Malvaceae Genus Gossypium Table: Taxonomy of cotton Although
First a Fisher Brand Dialysis cellulose acetate membrane tubing (#21-152-14), 12,000-14,000 MWCO (molecular weight cut off), was pre-soaked in distilled water for 20 minutes prior to use, as the barrier between concentration one and concentration two. A grey plastic collar was inserted
Lignin Lignin is the substance that makes plants “woody.” The name lignin originates from the Latin noun “lignum” that means “wood.” Most plants, but not all contain lignin. Lignin found within lignified plants differ in distribution among the parts of the plant, as well as different species of plants (Harkin1969). Lignin is the generic term for a large group of polymers. These polymers accumulate within secondarily thickened walls, making them rigid and resistant. Lignin evolved when plants began
The negative chronotropic substance is when the substance slows down (decreases also, called a depressants) the heart rate and positive substance speed up (increase also, called stimulant) the rate of the heart. With the effects of the chronotropic substances, these substances can cause an increase in the force and the velocity of the myocardial systolic contraction this is a positive substance, with a negative substance, it can decrease the velocity through the atrioventricular node, also decreasing
1 INTRODUCTION Cellulose is the most abundant renewable biopolymer available in nature, which has the potential to contribute to meeting the demand for high quality biodegradable polymers, which are replacing the petroleum derived non-biodegradable polymers with an escalating environmental demand. Cellulose is a high molecular weight biopolymer having a long straight chain of linked sugar molecules bonded through β (1-4) glucosidic bond as shown in Figure 1.1(Habibi et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013;
1. Introduction 1.1. Significance of Carbohydrates: Massive distribution of carbohydrates in nature makes them indispensable for life. Carbohydrates like cellulose, pectin and starch serve as fundamental structural components by constituting 50-80% of dry weight of plants. Simple monomeric units such as glucose form oligosaccharides by means of a covalent connection known as glycosidic linkage. Additional linkage of these oligosaccharides results in the formation of long chain polysaccharides which
which is named, “Cellulose”, is mainly about what products it produces and what effects it had throughout history. Cellulose can be found in most of the plants. For example, the cotton plant has cellulose in it. A reason why slave trade began and continued throughout the years was because of cotton. Cotton was mainly produced in Europe but could be found manufacture in other places. Cellulose can’t be broken down into a smaller molecule so it was a great use for clothing. If cellulose wouldn’t be found
developing countries dictates that materials and resources must be used to their full potential, and this has propagated a culture of reuse, repair and recycling. Municipal solid waste is composed of 40-50% cellulose, 9-12% hemicellulose and 10-15% lignin on a dry weight basis. Recently, cellulose has been in the public eye due to its possible use in the production of useful products. It is the most abundant biological organic compound on earth. It is a linear glucopolymer compound of anhydro-glucose
synthetic blend with cotton. Fabrics are made up of fibers which have their own chemical structure, which determines their classification. Polymers make up the fibers (Ball-Deslich and Funkhouser). Since cotton is natural, it comes from a natural cellulose fiber with the polymer of glucose (Cotton). Polyester is synthetic which can be classified as saturated or u...
Synthetic and natural fibers are the most essential part in clothes manufacturing. They make up the clothing we wear everyday. Fibers are made up of polymers, which are an arrangement of large molecules that are then made up of groups of even smaller molecules that are linked together to form a large chain structure. The smaller molecules are called monomers, and when they join together larger molecules are produced, making macromolecules (Bailey). Synthetic fibers are made up of polymers giving
INTRODUCTION How fast do different fabrics evaporate moisture? There are many different types of fabrics that are used for clothing. Generally, fabrics are broken down into two separate groups, natural fabrics and synthetic fabrics. Natural fabrics are fabrics that come from plants or animals. Synthetic fabrics are fabrics that are made from man-made materials. Natural fabrics have been around for thousands of years. There were four great fibers in the fabric industry history. They were wool
TYPES AND STYLES OF EYELASH EXTENSIONS INTRODUCTION Over the years, the fashion industry has exponentially grown and for this reason you can have access to different types and styles of eyelash extensions to completely change your look. If you want that glamorous perfect look, the trending perfect hot beauty is an eyelash extension for anyone who wants a dramatic look without mascara. Eyelashes fall in two broad categories, that is, the permanent and semi-permanent eye lashes. Permanent eye lashes
different types of polymers the Synthetic ones which use harmful toxins to be synthesized, and are those which are Natural. They are numerous polymers that fall in the natural process and are utilized in both our society and our bodies, which are cellulose; starch, rubber, proteins and both are DNA and RNA, and many more
1. Chemical structure of cellulose [6] 3. Uses and applications of natural fibers The environmental friendly and biodegradable nature of natural fiber has enabled it to be used in composite materials as filler. Over the past few decades natural fibers have been able to replace