tissues through new blood vessel development. Vasculogenesis is the mechanism of new vessel formation by vascular progenitor cells instinctively self-assembling. However, the main focus of this article is angiogenesis, the augmentation of pre-existing blood vessels to yield new vessels. Angiogenesis is controlled by soluble factors released from the wound site such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which activates human microvascular endothelial (HMVE) cells to begin sprouting and extending
Thalidomide Introduction The calamity of thalidomide is one of the worst disasters in pharmaceutical history. During a post-war era, when people were commonly experiencing insomnia, there was high demand for sedatives like thalidomide. The drug was retailed as a sleeping pill that you could never overdose on. It was even considered safe enough for pregnant women. It helped them with morning sickness. It was “the only non-barbiturate sedative known at the time” (Fintel et al.) which gave the drug
cancer. Hanahan and Weinberge proposed six hallmarks shared among all cancers mentioned in this article includes supporting proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressor, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, sustaining angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Four emerging hallmarks are also introduced in this article, depicting the current 10 underlying principles shared by cancerous cells. Hanahan and Weinberg also provided specific examples of potential mechanisms
or even chronic wounds. In adults, this process of normal healing takes place in the following steps (1)rapid haemostasis (2)appropriate inflammation (3)mesenchymal cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration to the wound site (4)suitable angiogenesis (5)prompt re-epithelialization and (6) proper synthesis, cross-linking, and alignment of collagen to provide strength to the healing tissue. Immediately after wounding, the first phase of hemostatsis sets in motion with vascular constriction
Liver Cancer What is Liver Cancer? Liver cancer is abnormal cell growth on or within the liver. Liver cancer is either starts in the liver (called primary liver cancer) or it spreads to the liver (called metastatic liver cancer). Metastatic liver cancer is more common in United States and Western Europe, while primary liver cancer is common in third world nations. Liver cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In the United States, it affects twice as many men as women; the
Introduction In the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow observed the presence of leukocytes within tumor tissues. This observation made the first possible link between inflammation and cancer. Over the past two decades our understanding of inflammation and cancer has supported Virchow’s observations (1). Up to 15 % of global cancers have been associated to infections, furthermore there is strong evidence that chronic inflammation, and autoimmune reactions can increase the risk of cancer (2). Inflammation
Embryonic development is a remarkable process that requires carefully regulated cell proliferation, the formation of distinct cell lineases that adopt unique cell functions, and finally the concerted interaction between cell types to produce complex tissues. These events take place within the uterus of the mother after the conceptus implants, this feature demands that the conceptus composes additional events, beyond its own development, related to controlling maternal physiological functions, growth
How can Rheumatoid arthritis be effectively treated? Rheumatoid arthritis affects around 400,000 individuals within the UK, it is the most relentless chronic form of arthritis, and for adults it is the second most common form in patients (1). “RA is more prevalent among women than men, and usually develops in the fourth to fifth decades of life” (A). Rheumatoid arthritis is severe as it is a form of autoimmune disease, this is where the body’s immune system attacks and damages working tissue, due
cancers, from these 25.4% presented the mutant TRBP, and it was highest in familial colorectal cancers at 43.3%16. 1.4. Angiogenesis The process of angiogenesis is the development of blood vessels. It is vital for all higher organisms, as oxygen is not able to diffuse throughout the body, but must be carried to cells far from the lungs. One of the main system that controls angiogenesis and the maintenance of the blood vessels is angiopoietin-TIE17. TIE1 and TIE2 are tyrosine kinase receptors that have
Thalidomide (α- phthalimido-glutarimide) was first marketed in Germany in 1956 as a sedative. In the following few years, it was prescribed in many countries in Europe, Asia, and Australia, to pregnant women in order to alleviate nausea and help them sleep [1]. However, it was banned in 1961 following an epidemic of malformations of the limbs, ears, and of internal organs. The negative effects of thalidomide led to the development of more structured drug regulations and control over drug use and
phosphorylation that result in uncontrolled cell division, inhibition of apoptosis, and other abnormalities. Flavonoids can be known as angiogenesis agents. Angiogenesis is a physiological process resulting in formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Antigiogenesis cause rapid growth of solid tumor and tumor metasta-sis are promoted by uncontrolled tumor angiogenesis. The flavonoids can control this growth of tumor. Besides that, flavonoids also can act as antioxidants which known as substances
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States (1). The medical community is constantly looking for new technologies and discoveries to treat heart disease more effectively. Methods include mechanical based therapies such as artificial heart valves and drug based approaches as with anticoagulant medications. Recently, exciting new discoveries have been made by the scientific community in the development of stem cell based
behind this is attributed to stem cells similar to angiogenesis. Population with atherosclerosis or other similar damages to the vessels can benefit from exercise as it lead to increase in collateral growths. Last but not the least mechanism, which helps in prevention and cure of CVD, are microRNAs. Different microRNAs have different mechanism and consequences. MicroRNAs 21 leads to increase in fibrosis. MicroRNAs 29 helps in promoting angiogenesis. MicroRNAs 126 is involved in improving ventricular
The Sharks Potential in the Cure for Human Cancer Thumbing through the pages of Business Week, the headline read Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer. Interested, I continued to read the short article. According to the reporter, Otis Port, researchers at California State University in Fresno say that they have isolated four substances in shark cartilage that appear to inhibit cancer (93). Curious, I continued to read the rest of the article. The chemicals block a mechanism discovered in the
T- and B cell proliferation Angiogenesis in synovial lining T and B cells are some of the main immune cells for synovial membrane inflammation. T cells proliferate in the synovial membrane in response to a specific antigen (ex: cartilage autoantigen) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897168/). B cells produce cytokines and chemokines to promote angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration in the joints (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180890) . Angiogenesis in the synovial lining can
The use of alternative medicine is becoming more prevalent in society. As pharmaceuticals and other medications continue to show room for improvement, the use of herbal remedies will increase as a result. Herbal remedies involve the use of plants for medicinal purposes (Newman, 2012). Long before the modern technology, chemicals, and mechanisms that are popular today, plants were used as the basis for most medical treatments. As improvements in education and resources arose throughout the years there
Lung Cancer What is Lung Cancer? Lung cancer is abnormal cell growth that originates in the tissues that line the organ’s air passages. As abnormal lung cells grow and multiply, they form into a tumor and disrupt the function of the lungs, to provide oxygen to the body via blood circulation. It is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer, and it is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. What different types of lung cancers exist? - Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC)
Ovarian Cancer What is Ovarian Cancer? Ovarian cancer is the abnormal growth of malignant cells in the ovaries, the egg (ovum) producing part of the female reproductive system. Often, Ovarian cancer goes undetected until it has metastasized (spread) to the pelvis and abdomen. At this late stage, this cancer is difficult to treat. Ovarian Cancer ranks as the 11th most common cancer among women, and it is the 5th leading cause of cancer-related death for women. What different types of ovarian cancers
liver scaffolds by reducing the proliferation of lymphocytes and their subsets, accompanied by a decreased release of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. It was reported that cross-linking using GIP promotes the beneficial tissue repair through enhancing angiogenesis and cell migration
Alternative medicine has long been scoffed at by the mainstream medical community. People who use it, or at least believe in its benefits, are termed “wacky.” Physicians even go so far as to tell curious patients not to bother with the alternative “insanity,” claiming only hippies and desperados use it. Doctors are trusted daily with the lives of their patients, and if a doctor insists on a specific treatment, and advises against another, patients will be more than likely to do as they are told.