2.2 Flavonoid in Pharmaceutical
Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions. Flavonoids are the most important in plant pigments for flower coloration, producing yellow, red, or blue pigmentation in plants designed to attract pollinators. In higher plants, flavonoids are involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and floral pigmentation. They may also act as chemical messengers, physiological regulators, and cell cycle inhibitors. Flavonoids, which are polyphenolic compounds, are a class of plant secondary metabolites possessing a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity including anti-cancer activities. Among the various natural products, flavonoids have attracted much attention due to their remarkable spectrum of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, antibacterial, antiangiogenic,anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, modulators of enzymatic activities and anti-cancer activity. Flavonoids have been found act as protein kinase inhibitors which can prevent alterations in phosphorylation that result in uncontrolled cell division, inhibition of apoptosis, and other abnormalities. Flavonoids can be known as angiogenesis agents. Angiogenesis is a physiological process resulting in formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Antigiogenesis cause rapid growth of solid tumor and tumor metasta-sis are promoted by uncontrolled tumor angiogenesis. The flavonoids can control this growth of tumor. Besides that, flavonoids also can act as antioxidants which known as substances that delay, prevent or remove oxidative damage to a target molecule (Ravishankar et al., 2013).
2.3 Flavonoid in extraction
Flavonoids are universal within the plant kingdom and they are the most ...
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...tioxidants and free radical scavenging. Different sample preparation techniques such as SFE extraction, pressurized hot water extraction and solid- phase extraction have also been utilized prior to analysis. High-speed counter-current Chromatography has been used for the preparative separation and purification of baicalin and wogonin from Scutellariae radix. Crude baicalin was obtained by extraction with methanol with water (70:30) from Scutellaria baicalensis. The separation was performed in two steps with a two phase solvent system composed of n-butanol with water (1:1). In which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flowrate of 1.0 ml/min in the head to- tail elution mode. The simultaneous separation and purification of active components in Scutellaria baicalensis can be analysed by High-speed counter-current Chromatography (Sujuan Wu et al., 2005).
Tyrosinase is an enzyme found in Portabella mushrooms. Tyrosinase is the enzyme most responsible for the brown color of Portabella mushrooms, as it is found in larger amounts than other pigmentations. Tyrosinase is also found in Tyrosinase vesicles in the cell wall of Portabella mushrooms. Tyrosinase plays a huge role in Portabella mushrooms in that it is active in most chemical reactions including oxidation, phosphorylation and other important mechanisms within the cell. The journal article examines the biochemical characteristics of Tyrosinase in Portabella mushrooms by specifically extracting it from the gill tissue. In order to effectively examine Tyrosinase, purification of this enzyme was to be extracted which resulted in difficulties because mushroom gill tissue is small in size while the Tyrosinase enzymes are abundant in such tissue. Adsorbents and precipitation methods were used to isolate Tyrosinase. These methods, however; were not successful as they either only provided a small amount of the enzyme or decreased the enzymatic activity desired for ob...
I watched the movie called Bitter Seeds in my environmental class. The movie talked about the problems in India about farming. The movie also talked about the suicide rate, how high it is compared to our country. It said that every 30 minutes, a farmer commits suicide. In India, the economy is not that great so they went with the seeds that were more expensive. The culture is completely different from ours, they celebrate Pola, which is the bull festival, they do rituals when something bad is happening. Most of the seeds were rotting and they were not getting enough water, which resulted in the seeds not germinating, eventually the plants died out and the farmers killed themselves. The people who were selling the seeds wanted more money than what it really should have cost. Banks rarely loan people any money, they had to go to a Loan shark. Loan sharks were basically thugs because they would charge the people 7% to 10% interest per month to grow seven acres. I think Indian farmers should be able to get loans from the bank at a higher percentage rate so they won't have to go to loan sharks and get ripped off.
UV exposure to skin can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause direct chemical alteration in collagen and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production leading to collagen break down. In addition, ROS produce mediators that cause skin inflammation. Vitamin C neutralizes ROS and is equally effective against UVA (320-400nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) that are produced due to UV exposure and causes skin-aging and sunburns respectively. Vitamin C is most effective as it exerts its action interacellularly and extracellularly (7).
Linoleic acid is one of the fatty acid which is a double bond composition. It can pair with other radical in system that’s made free radical the oxidized made hydroperoxide which is a stable conjugated diene. The antioxidant with double bond composition can provide the electron for a free radical which decrease the possibilities the creation of free radical of Linoleic acid as well. Therefore to evaluate the ability of this antioxidant for the creation of the free radical of Linoleic acid can be made by add the antioxidant in the solution which contain Linoleic acid then leave for a while. After that use UV Spectrophotometer measure the solution at 234 nanometer. The result varies with the concentrate of hydroperoxide which
Rong, T., (2007). Extraction, Separation, Detection, and Antioxidant Activity of Apple Polyphenols. American Chemistry Society, Chapter 20, 302-324.
Society is programed to feel very healthy, but if when actual regarding the statistics it would be surprising to the contrary. The modern healthcare system is flawed in its basic theology. It focuses on treating the main symptoms and not treating the root cause and preventing illnesses. To return to a healthier society, the medical care system needs that focuses more on holistic or the all of the systems that make up someone 's body. The needs to be a shift in the way medical professionals treat their patients it would create a superior society.
The opinion of Marijuana during the 70’s was much more relaxed than it is today. Approval of Marijuana by 27 states, new medical studies, and its consequences on those convicted from use of the most common general, the argument about marijuana in this country is: should Marijuana continue to be given to citizens based on its health effects, medicinal values, and costs to the country? The reasons why this argument is so important are great. As previously stated, Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in the world, and with millions of people using it regularly and almost 100 million that have ever used it in this country, the laws behind this drug hold great influence. It is because of this and the immergence of new evidence, that the justification behind prohibition of this drug is being rethought scientifically, socially, and economically. The use of Marijuana as both medicine and a recreational drug is being thoroughly questioned in the US. 27 states have Marijuana approved in some form, many of those for medical purposes however those users can still, and do get placed into prison by federal law. Currently, 830,00 people a year are in trouble with the law in regards to Marijuana and numbers seem to be on an uphill trend . Furthermore, the US invests 30 billion a year into the drug war, half of which is dedicated to Marijuana. Many are questioning its success all together. Both imprisonment and the war cost our country, and therefore our people, money. A change in laws is going to have a dramatic affect on America.
Cannabis is a tall erect, annual cannabis. In assumption with a bright, clear environment, light well-dried soil, and ample irrigation. Cannabis can grow to be 20 feet in a 4-6 month time period within the growing season. Visible rivers, meadows and other agricultural lands are perfect dwellings for cannabis since all contain good sunlight. Seeds brought in from Thailand are grown without being cut back and later becomes a large female plant, crossing with a cut from a male plant of Mexican origin bringing about a hybrid seed which is stored for later planting. This is called representative of the outdoor growth of cannabis in calm climates. Seeds are planted in the spring and usually germinate in 3-7 days. Seedling arise from the ground by the aligned order of the embryotic stem. The cotyledons which are the seeds are hardly unequal in size, narrowed to the base and rounded to the tip. The embryotic stem grazing from 1-10 centimeters in length. About 10 centimeters or less above the cotyledons, the first true leaves originate, a pair of diversely adjusted single leaflets each with a distinct petiole which is the leaf stem, rotated one quarter length from the cotyledons. If plants aren’t surrounded, the limbs will grow from small buds located at the intersection of petioles within the main stem. Each sinsemilla; the seedless drug cannabis plant is replenished with plenty of room to grow long axial limbs and extensive fine roots to increase floral production. Under helpful condition cannabis can grow up to 7 centimeters a day in height during the summer. Cannabis displays a dual response to day length; during the first two or three months of growth it acts in the return of larger amounts of day length with a stronger gro...
Throughout the course of documented history, people of innumerable cultures have put their faith in what medical practitioners today call holistic medicine. Holistic medicine involves a wide assortment of therapeutic viewpoints, methods, and treatments. It commonly refers to theories and ideas that are different than typical medical practices. Believers of holistic medicine put their methods and practices to use in a range of assorted ways. Holistic therapies that are used unaccompanied by traditional medical treatments are often referred to as alternative; when used in combination with other alternative therapies, or in addition to traditional therapies they are stated as complementary. Some therapies are totally freestanding of the realm
When we talk about increasing health span and long life, nothing is better than the best possible nutrition, regular exercise, relaxation, a healthy mind and a spirit powered by loving relationships and satisfying work and passions. If needed, you may top these with supplements proven to extremely fast track results. If you are looking for CBD capsules as an anti-aging supplement it is best to check online. For the Ageless is a company located in London, UK which compiled the best selection of anti-aging products in the market that really work. They take pride in delivering goods worldwide with a safe traceable service.
Sunflower seed – Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil compressed from sunflower seeds biologically called Helianthus annuus. It is commonly used in food as frying oil, in cosmetics as emollient. It is a mixture of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated oleic acid (omega-9)-linoleicacid group of oils. The seed contains an oil content ranging from 22 to 36% and kernel consists of 45-55% of oil. In recent years there is an increase in demand of sunflower oil and hence hybrid seeds are produced to increase oil production to meet the demand.
Tea was discovered in its greenest form over five thousand years ago; some versions of history depict a flower falling into a cup of hot water while another has a man eating a leaf and releasing how delicious it would be stepped in water. For centuries, all tea was green tea. Green tea is simply the leaves of the camellia sinensis plant placed to steep in hot water. The leaves had not undergone any of the oxidation process of tea leaves today, so it was tea in its most natural form. This version of green tea is still enjoyed around the world today as are many other versions of the same tea leaf.
In recent years, people have shown increasing interest in different ways to better take care of themselves. This includes healthier diets, working out more, and even considering the different chemical medications that they are putting into their bodies. According to an article by Time Incorporated, “More awareness of how to age well by eating a healthy diet, exercising and keeping the brain active are certainly helping more people to enjoy a higher quality of life into old age” (Sifferlin). As medical conditions are contracted, the realm of medical treatment methods can seem endless. In many cases, however, these so called “treatments” are actually causing more harm than good.
The pesticide is a controversial topic since farmers are used it to gain their yield. Especially, pesticide is discovered during World War II as a chemical weapon that mixture of multiple chemicals together to kill human. Therefore, Chantries redesign pesticide to kill an organism where and when we don’t want it. Because people want to go to the grocery store to buy the perfect product, pesticide makes it happens and with a little cost for farmers. Nonetheless, pesticide also is the expenditure of life expectancy, which directly threatens people and poses risk of mortality rate. Abusing the pesticide has multiple affects on our society, (Add). (Add thesis)
Plant nutrition is area of plant biology that is of the utmost importance for the proliferation of plants. Without proper nutrition, plants would simply cease to exist unless drastic alterations were made. There are certain elements that are required for the plant to grow and reproduce; these elements are known as essential elements. There are three requirements of an essential element: the element must be required for the completion of the plant’s life cycle, the element must not be replaceable by another element in whole, and finally the element must be direction involved in the metabolism of the plant. Chemical compounds that are involved in proper nutrition have been designated as nutrients, and further classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are needed for growth, metabolism, and many other functions, but are designated as “macro” because they are required in larger amounts. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fat molecules. Micronutrients have a much wider function that depends on the exact micronutrient. Micronutrients are designated as so because they are needed in much smaller amounts when compared to macronutrients. Examples of micronutrients include vitamins and minerals.