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problem-solving.” (p.66) The counter measures where formed within the context of these frames. Additionally, the 9/11 attack was also in discordant with the “invincibility” notions American have of the country and this also affected the strategic plans for terrorism.
The frame of reference hypothesis is very true of the Nigerian situation. The country is a multiethnic and heterogeneous entity. It is made of people from diverse ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious background (Alozieuwa, 2012). Furthermore, Alozieuwa opines that this diversity created groups that are distinctive and different from one another and also disinclined or opposed to one another. More so, the amalgamation of the different regions into one country in 1914 created a situation whereby the colonial masters introduced foreign rules with total disregard for “indigenous institutions.”(Aloziuwa, 2012, p. 1)
Guenther Roth (1968) cited by Alozieuwa (2012) asserts that the heterogeneity of the Nigerian system becomes a hindrance to the “realization of modern, rational-legal institutions” because groups do not fight for the common good of all but for the private interests of the elites that make up each group. To fight book haram, the history, the beliefs, perceptions, grievances and values of the various groups and ethnicities that make up the country should be examined. Alozieuwa (2012) came up with some theories for the Boko Haram insurgence and these theories reflect the Nigerian frame of reference with regards to Boko Haram. He asserts that for a long time, Nigerians believed that the Boko Haram onslaught was retaliation for the death of their leader and the hunt for them by the nation’s law enforcement. This aligns with the relational/ vengeance the...
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...aram. In some cases, the radical group’s firepower has exceeded that of the national army. The latest attacks in Mafa, a village in Borno state, saw soldiers flee as insurgents unleashed their orgy of violence on innocent citizens.(ISS, March 11, 2014)
By strengthening it anti- war legislation, the government declared war on Boko Haram which made a negotiated settlement difficult or impossible.
The Way Forward
According to the ISS report, Nigeria has seen the crisis as a domestic issue and has used domestic approaches (influenced by the frame of reference) to solve it. However, the failure of these approaches is obvious. The country is now open to international assistance because the issue is increasingly becoming an international problem. According to ISS, “The fight against Boko Haram has now developed to demand more than a localized response. The group has
Host: On September the 11th 2001, the notorious terror organisation known as Al-Qaeda struck at the very heart of the United States. The death count was approximately 3,000; a nation was left in panic. To this day, counterterrorism experts and historians alike regard the event surrounding 9/11 as a turning point in US foreign relations. Outraged and fearful of radical terrorism from the middle-east, President Bush declared that in 2001 that it was a matter of freedoms; that “our very freedom has come under attack”. In his eyes, America was simply targeted because of its democratic and western values (CNN News, 2001). In the 14 years following this pivotal declaration, an aggressive, pre-emptive approach to terrorism replaced the traditional
In today’s society the word “terrorism” has gone global. We see this term on television, in magazines and even from other people speaking of it. In their essay “Controlling Irrational Fears After 9/11”, published in 2002, Clark R. Chapman and Alan W. Harris argue that the reaction of the American officials, people and the media after the attacks of 9/11 was completely irrational due to the simple fact of fear. Chapman and Harris jump right into dismembering the irrational argument, often experienced with relationships and our personal analysis. They express how this argument came about from the terrorist being able to succeed in “achieving one major goal, which was spreading fear” among the American people (Chapman & Harris, para.1). The supporters of the irrational reaction argument state that because “Americans unwittingly cooperated with the terrorist in achieving the major goal”, the result was a widespread of disrupted lives of the Americans and if this reaction had been more rational then there would have been “less disruption in the lives of our citizens” (Chapman & Harris, para. 1).
September 11, 2001 was one of the most devastating and horrific events in the United States history. Americans feeling of a secure nation had been broken. Over 3,000 people and more than 400 police officers and firefighters were killed during the attacks on The World Trade Center and the Pentagon; in New York City and Washington, D.C. Today the term terrorism is known as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (Birzer, Roberson). This term was clearly not defined for the United States for we had partial knowledge and experience with terrorist attacks; until the day September 11, 2001. At that time, President George W. Bush, stated over a televised address from the Oval Office, “Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.” President Bush stood by this statement for the United States was about to retaliate and change the face of the criminal justice system for terrorism.
Historical Significance: The September 11th, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, orchestrated by Al-Qaeda and Bin Laden, were the events that launched the U.S. War on Terrorism. Al-Qaeda’s attack on the United States was carried out by members of radicalized Islamic groups, whose objective was to spread jihad against the secular influence of the West. This tragic event provided the historical b...
"Untouchability in Nigeria | International Humanist and Ethical Union." International Humanist and Ethical Union | The World Union of Humanist Organizations. Web. 08 Apr. 2010. .
...at shocked me through all these articles is how there weren’t a single positive story about Nigeria. I had to get to the third page before I found something that was “kind of positive” about Nigeria. These definitely illustrate what the speaker was saying about single stories. Also 8 out of 10 stories where related to Boko haram. Therefore it won’t be a surprise for me to hear that people believe that Boko haram is the daily cup of tea. I didn’t really found anything that was directly related to the chapter because most of the stories were about BOKO haram crisis. The only thing that I found related to the chapter was how the Biafra war that has opposed the three major’s ethnics groups: Yoruba, Igbo and Hausas is still reflecting on the actual Nigerian crisis. In the north were these crisis are occurring, only certain ethnic groups or religious groups are attacked.
Analysts state that Boko Haram “attacks are aimed at striking fear at the heart of the local population to prevent cooperation with the government” (Karimi and Carter). In another BBC.com article, Andrew Walker explains that Nigeria has not defeated Boko Haram because their military lacks modern equipment, training, and motivation. Also, the citizens in Nigeria do not trust their military since they cannot restrain the attacks (Walker). “Rights groups have accused local authorities of human rights violations in the fight against the group, adding to the anti-government sentiment” (Karimi and Carter). It was when Boko Haram abducted nearly 300 girls from Chibok, Borno in 2014 that drew the attention internationally. Boko Haram referred women “to the ancient Islamic belief that women captured in conflict are part of the “war booty,” meaning that Boko Haram “would treat them as slaves and marry them off” (Chothia). China, France, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the United States are now involved in helping Nigeria (Walker). However, the help from other countries seems to be limited to searching for the kidnapped girls and not focused on improving Nigeria’s military (Walker). As quoted in “Why Nigeria has not defeated Boko Haram,” James Hall thinks that “Even if they could, the job would be too big” and “It would take years of total engagement, training group after group to have any
...’s depictions of both traditional and modern beliefs in varying degrees illustrate the importance of both in contemporary Nigerian culture, as well as the greater Africa as a whole, and how both are intertwined and cannot exist without the other. In effect, she skillfully subverts stereotypes or single perceptions of Africa as backward and traditional, proving instead, the multifaceted culture of Africa. She further illustrates that neither traditional African nor western culture is necessarily detrimental. It is the stark contrast of the fundamental cultures that inevitably leads to clashes and disagreements. In the end, what holds African countries such as Nigeria together is their shared pride. Modern, western influences can bring positive changes to society, but new cultures cannot completely eradicate the foundational cultures to which a society is founded on.
The ultimate result was troops and as many as 3 million civilians died. While the outside world considered Nigeria to be a united and monolithic entity, even the British colonial administration was wary of the reality of Nigerian politics; the nation was not so much a “country” as it was more than three hundred different groups coalesced into one. 45 These tribes were divided between three main spheres of influence: the Yoruba, the Igbo, and the Hausa. Historically, their interests were often opposed, and their cultures did not come into regular contact with one another until the British occupation.
Boko Haram has a very strong history. The founder of Boko Haram was Mohammed Yusuf. He founded it in 2002. The center of Boko Haram is in Maiduguri. Boko Haram is not only one group. It includes many factions. They split up and focus on certain topics such as; domestic or international sides of things. The major faction is Ansaru. For major attacks, all factions come together. Boko Haram was first noticed in 2003. They got into an argument with the police about fishing rights. This argument ended with a shooting and mostly 70 members died during this. In 2009, their leader, Mohammed Yusuf died by being killed. After he died, 100 members of the Boko Haram spread out to other places (Zenn). In 2010, Boko Haram got a new leader, Abubakar Shekau (“Boko Haram Fast Facts”). This new leadership led to more and more problems.
8) ?After the Attack?The War on Terrorism? (2001). Online at: <http://www.monthlyreview.org/1101edit.htm>, consulted on March 29th, 2004.
Political instability and regime change in Nigeria will be observed in this paper. The resource curse has greatly weakened Nigeria as it has led to the numerous regime changes, the hindering of the nation’s democratization, corruption in the government, as well as, civil conflict. According to Samuels in Case Studies in Comparative Politics, Nigeria began as a group of states and empires, which were conquered by the British Empire who ruled Nigeria through indirect rule with varying degrees of rule in North and South Nigeria (Samuels, 323-326). Since they were granted independence in 1960, three republics have been created and each has ended by military rule, which led to the creation of the fourth, and current republic in Nigeria. In the current regime, Nigeria’s GDP is ranked 108 out of 156 and has been decreasing, lower than some of the non-oil-producing nations in Africa (“Nigeria”).
...un fight with Nigerian officials who have been well equipped by their government, because of the growing concern.
To adapt one of Isichei's claims, Nigeria's “confrontation with an alien culture, its conquest, and the experience of an alien rule, created … [crises]” (180). There were many riots and conflicts between the Nigerians and the British, although most of the uprisings were eventually subdued by the military power of the British. Riots were common—from the culturally rooted Yoruba riots in the West and the religious skirmishes with the Muslims and Hausa in the North, to the confrontations with the naturally ‘rich,' yet stubborn Igbo and Delta states. Apart from encompassing all the major ethnic groupings and regions in Nigeria, amazingly these conflicts also covered the three most explicit British inculcations: cultural, religious, and economic.
The prior history of Nigeria before the 1900’s is critical in exploring the effects of colonialism. During the pre-colonial era, Nigeria was mainly divided into three tribes: Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa Fulani. A female’s role differed according to kinship structure of the tribe and the status of the woman in the economy. Neither new nor peculiar, women have long been regarded as the “subordinate” class in Nigerian culture. Nigerian women were able to achieve high statuses by lineage or marrying into ruling class families. Under customary laws, a woman’s purpose was to be fertile and able to bear children. Tribes expected their women to marry into Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa Fulani patri-lineage and bear sons to guarantee the future of the tribe. A wife’s position improved as she gave birth to more children and gain approval from elder members. Women who could not were scorned just as Mama wa...