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Participation of women in sports
History of women in sports assignment
Participation of women in sports
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For so long, the Athletic Training profession has been dominated by men. In the article “Women in Athletic Training”, the author Marcia K. Anderson does a study that describes what the pioneer women of athletic training had to go through during a time of male dominance. Women entered the athletic training realm as the underlings and weren’t respected as athletic trainers. “The purpose of the study was to describe, from their perspectives, the early experiences of women . . .,” (Anderson 42) rather than building an argument on how she feels about the situation, she’s going to be the middle man and explain their stories. It’s important for an author to establish credibility or ethos because one word or sentence could either be the death or birth of his/her reputation. Ethos lets the reader know whether or not the author is trustworthy. Although Anderson does not have personal experience with breaking into the field, interviewing the thirteen pioneer women gives her credibility in some areas while taking away in others. There are some key aspects she leaves out that lessen her credibility throughout the article, such as, not having any athletic training experience to fall back on, the demographics of the women she interviews, and how she interviews the women. Without experience in athletic training Anderson has little credibility. Yes, the time of males dominating athletic training may have been before her time, but it would be nice for the reader to get her point of view directly from her. To read how she felt when the women told her their stories of oppression or about how powerless they must of felt during these would have made her piece that much more interesting. Instead, the reader is left to assume that, because she’s a ... ... middle of paper ... ...ke sense to just represent one race. The unsuccessful use of ethos makes the reader feel like the author’s piece is irrelevant to read. What’s going to make them believe this author has something to say that is actually worth listening to? It goes as far as the process it took for the author to make the article. Little things like the ones mentioned in this analysis: demographics of the subjects, interview styles and experience, which contribute to the process of making her article, could become big things when it comes to the author’s use of ethos, because it’s all about credibility. The process is where ethos is established for the most part and that’s where Anderson made most of her “little” mistakes. Works Cited Marcia K. Anderson. ”Women in Athletic Training.” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 63.3 (1992): pp. 42. Journal Article.
There is finesse to her arguments, but they are not subtle. They do not need to be. They have the benefit of being right, the history of countless female athletes backing them, and the self assuredness from this to know that sometimes, you cannot simply press a point. You must hit it with a hammer. And that's what Heywood, her essay, and Title IX all do. In A world where the “female athlete triad” (eating disorders, exercise compulsion, and amenorrhea) are alive and well, female athletes need to know that they do not need to compete against themselves and their friends. It is enough to compete against the rest of the world. Heywood, as an athlete who experienced the female athlete triad, feels that she missed out on the true benefits of sports. Friendship, teamwork, and most importantly, “what the books call self esteem: feeling the warm sun on your face, walking across the field like a giant, feeling that just for a moment, the world belongs to you.” The fight to allow females to compete in sports has been won. Now, there is a new fight. To teach females in sports that they do not have to crush everyone else, to knock everyone else to the ground so they can be the one left standing. The new frontier for females will be an athlete who loves her sport, wants to win, and gives it her all, but doesn’t have to destroy herself or anyone else to do
When the American people think of women in sports, they think of ice skating, field hockey, and diving. People don’t recognize that women have the potential to play any sport that a man can play, with equal skill, if not better. Much has changed for women since the 1970’s. One of the most important events that have happened in the world of female athletics is the establishment of professional athletics for women. Educational Amendments of 1972.
Sports, in general, are a male dominated activity; every “real” male is suppose to be interested and/or involved in sports in the American society. However, it is not expected of a female to be interested in sports and there is less pressure on them to participate in physically enduring activities. These roles reflect the traditional gender roles imposed on our society that men are supposed to be stronger and dominant and females are expected to be submissive. As Michael Kimmel further analyzes these gender roles by relating that, “feminism also observes that men, as a group, are in power. Thus with the same symmetry, feminism has tended to assume that individually men must feel powerful” (106).
According to the Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review’s article on the female athlete triad, in the past forty years, American women have become increasingly involved in athletics as a result of laws allowing them to participate in sports. (Lebrun and Rumball) For instance, Cathy Rigby won eight Olympic gold medals in gymnastics during the ‘60’s and 70’s when these laws were just coming into effect. (Brunet) Nevertheless, there is an ugly hidden underbelly to the many benefits of women’s increased participation in sports. Many sports have very high standards for body image, which has led to the increasing prevalence of three “separate… but interrelated conditions” collectively known as the female athlete triad. (Lebrun and Rumball) Despite Cathy Rigby’s aforementioned success, an article by Dr. Michael Brunet reveals that she was severely affected by the most well-known of the female athlete triad: the eating disorder. This eventually caused her to suffer cardiac arrest twice. (Brunet) These effects are not limited to elite athletes, however; high school athletes are also affected by the triad, particularly those participating in sports “in which leanness is perceived to optimize performance” or which use “specific weight categories.” (Lebrun) The three components of the triad, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and disordered eating, are increasingly becoming an unfortunate effect of distorted body image on sports.
Why do female athletes receive less media coverage than male athletes? Male athletes dominate professional sport that airs on television. The media easily overlooks female athletes except during occasion like the Winter Olympics. The articles Media Coverage of Women’s Sports is Important (Lopiano, 2008) and Take Back the Sports Page? (Sommers, 2010) acknowledge factors that determine the amount of media coverage female athletes receive. [Lopiano and Sommers address this issue in regards to media coverage on female athletes differently. Lopiano focuses on the general message the media broadcasts and Sommers uses statistics to show the difference between female and male media. Lopiano and Sommers agree that the media considers female sports less valid. Both focus on different aspects such as problem and solutions and the different consequences of unequal media coverage]. The authors discover similar as well as different factors that contribute to the inequality media coverage of both female and male athletes obtain.
At the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century, the phenomenon of sport encountered the growing trend of the active participation of female athletes. Prior to the twentieth century, sport culture in society was understood to be strictly reserved for male athletes and unlike today’s society; the role of women was confined to being a spectator rather than a contestant. However, after the success of various female athletes such as Bobbie Rosenfeld, a Canadian Olympic track gold and silver medalist, the gender roles in not just sports but society itself started to shift.
Since sports and athletics have been brought into our society it has always been gender specific. For example, it is seen that males should be playing the rough and tough sports or athletics such as rugby and football, whereas the women should be participating in less competitive sports and athletics such as swimming, or running. Can you imagine that the world population of women is around forty-nine percent and they still aren’t given the same opportunities or respect as men? Being a women in the twenty-first century playing one of those “non-traditional” sports is a tough task for these women. The women who choose to do so are usually questioned about their sexuality and
Pertaining to images of women and women athletes, this same type of cyclical pattern of change occurred. As notions of women's roles and perceptions of women change, so too did the portrayal of female athletes, and the acceptance of female athleticism into cultural norms. There are still many barriers to break in society as well as in athletics, but we have come a lone way from worrying about damage to our reproductive organs, and as women keep challenging the gender barriers in sport, the perceptions of women's roles too shall change.
Professional, semi-professional, collegiate, secondary, and youth affiliations --have all felt the impact of women and men’s diffusion into arenas that are not commonly their own. As shown throughout this paper, these effects are both negative and positive. What I have learned is that these hindrances and acceptances cannot slow us down. There are many areas that still need to be opened up to both sexes and ideas that athletes need to prove wrong. The struggle isn’t over, and I don’t think it will ever be over. Society and athletics go hand in hand in helping to equalize men and women in sports, as well as in society. Individual accomplishments, failed attempts, and suffering help to bring us all one step closer to being equal on all playing fields.
Sports are one of the great American pastimes, but the reality is that sports have encouraged a very distinct separation between males and females in the American society. The attitudes acquired through sports are learned on the field and breached into the real world to create conflict between the sexes. The issue of gender inequality goes far beyond the sports world, yet male dominated organizations form and support the sexes. With this separation of sexes we see the social and cultural strain on athletes participating in opposite gender sports, because society frowns on women participating in male dominated sports.
Today we live in a world where appearance plays a large role in one's life.People are judged on their appearance on a daily basis and athletes are supposed to have picture perfect bodies. This is especially hard for female athlete because sometimes they are looked upon as too muscular, too thin, too large, or even too tall. In 16 times Female athletes had to put up with sexist b***s*** this judgement and disrespect is shown when the author quotes “In effort to help them look more feminine, the International Amatuer Boxing Association (IABA) provided female boxers with athletic skirts to box in”(Tamarkin 2). This was incredibly disrespectful and degrading. Woman shouldn’t be forced to wear anything to make them look more “feminine”, in fact women should wear what they whatever they want to wear. In addition a weightleifter named Holley Mangold’s weight was tweeted about by comedian Conan Obrien. In the tweet he said “I predict 350 lb weight lifter will bring home the gold and 4 guys against their will”(Tamarkin 4). Once again women should not have to deal with demeaning comments about their
Each year, thousands of college students pursue athletics as part of their school career. As with all other aspects in life, scholarships and sport choices provide women with different opportunities than men. This has been a recurring issue ever since women began participating in university athletics on a steady basis. Although some changes have attempted to instill equality, today’s society still does not keep males from having the upper hand in the athletic world. Because of the lack of funding and opportunities, female athletes suffer unfair disadvantages to men in the area of athletics.
Burney, M. and Brehm, B. 1998. "The Female Athlete Triad." Journal of Physical Education. 69:43-45.
Sports have always maintained barriers concerning the gender of the athletes. Women as well as men have been discriminated in sports, which have for so long been defined as a one-sex sport. For example, boxing had long been considered a sport for males only. Another example is gymnastics, which is usually considered a feminine sport, but also have male participants. However, although sports in general have come a long way in sex discrimination, keeping itself under water, it still remains a consistent problem lurking its ugly head above. There still remains costs towards those individuals who are brave enough to challenge the system , but can there also be benefits for those individuals entering a non-traditional sport?
The adverse topic of women in sports stems from society's disregard to viewing women as persons. Women, and in other parts of the world, continue to be viewed as property of men and have no significant role in society. Being allowed into the Olympics was a step in the right direction for women across the world, but it was a meager attempt at equality. Women were still restricted by what events they were allowed to compete in, how they were trained and coached and even limited as to what they could wear. A woman’s femininity played a large role in the way they were perceived by society; weak.