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Women in the world of sport
Evolution of women in sport from the late 1800s through today
Women in the world of sport
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“One of the Girls” by Leslie Heywood There are many “first frontiers” for women. There has been the first female doctor, mathematician, astronaut, scientist, and nobel prize winner. The first female novelist, CEO, Senator, Supreme Court Justice, and PhD. Each of these women have changed the way females are perceived around the world, and have paved the way for women in each of their fields. In her essay “One of the Girls” Leslie Heywood explores the idea that the first female athletes are just as important as these other “first” women. In 1826 Gertrude Ederle swam the English channel two hours faster than all the men who preceded her. In 1967 Kathrine Switzer ran the Boston Marathon disguised as a man, because females were not allowed to run. …show more content…
In 1972 Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 made gender discrimination illegal, and allowed millions of girls to play sports and be athletes. These three events mean nothing to a majority of the world, but for American female athletes, they make all the difference. They give girls a chance to be athletes, not just ‘pretty girls’. They give girls a chance to discover parts of themselves they never would have at home or in a classroom. They give girls a chance to throw off the labels society has given them, and enable them to make their own definitions. As Heywood put it, “No more female incompetence and physical weakness, you throw like a girl, no girls allowed, why don’t you just go home. Not now, excuse me. Stepping out.” Moreover, Heywood is perfectly willing to discuss the problems female athletes still have.
There is finesse to her arguments, but they are not subtle. They do not need to be. They have the benefit of being right, the history of countless female athletes backing them, and the self assuredness from this to know that sometimes, you cannot simply press a point. You must hit it with a hammer. And that's what Heywood, her essay, and Title IX all do. In A world where the “female athlete triad” (eating disorders, exercise compulsion, and amenorrhea) are alive and well, female athletes need to know that they do not need to compete against themselves and their friends. It is enough to compete against the rest of the world. Heywood, as an athlete who experienced the female athlete triad, feels that she missed out on the true benefits of sports. Friendship, teamwork, and most importantly, “what the books call self esteem: feeling the warm sun on your face, walking across the field like a giant, feeling that just for a moment, the world belongs to you.” The fight to allow females to compete in sports has been won. Now, there is a new fight. To teach females in sports that they do not have to crush everyone else, to knock everyone else to the ground so they can be the one left standing. The new frontier for females will be an athlete who loves her sport, wants to win, and gives it her all, but doesn’t have to destroy herself or anyone else to do
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Turn on ESPN, and there are many female sports reporters, and many reports on female athletes. Flip through Sports Illustrated, and female athletes are dotted throughout the magazine. Female athletes star in the commercials. Female athletes are on the cover of newspapers. Millions of books have been sold about hundreds of female athletes. However, this has not always been the case. The number of females playing sports nowadays compared to even twenty years ago is staggering, and the number just keeps rising. All the women athletes of today have people and events from past generations that inspired them, like Babe Didrikson Zaharias, the All-American Professional Girls Baseball League, Billie Jean King, and the 1999 United States Women’s World
Hult explains that in the era between 1890-1920, women physical educators were a tightly knit, dedicated group committed to a tradition of restricted competition, self-governance, and a feminine approach to individual and team sports. They believed that all girls and women should have the opportunity to participate and enjoy sport, not only the talented elite as in the competition-driven male philosophical structure (87). Play-days and sport-days with emphasis on team building games were a means of perpetuating an image of an ideal American female athlete: feminine, beautiful, strong, yet always 'aware of her delicate reproductive system' (89).
From 1892 to 2002 women had proven to be very powerful whether it be something as little as gaining the rights to a divorce or something as big as the rights to vote and the same opportunities in vocation, women have shown that they are willing to do whatever it takes to gain equal rights and have prospered as a result (Doc #2, #8). An anonymous photographer (Doc #2) captures an image of one of the 2% of women athletes in the 1908 Olympic games held in Great Britain, Sybil Newall. The photographer shows that a factor that stopped the Olympics was the allowance of new rights for women and new opportunities for them to rise socially and participate in the modern Olympic games. The photographer shows this because during this time period in Western Europe women gained the ability to represent their country or nation at a new level, similar to what happened with woman’s suffrage. Hassiba Boulmerka (Doc #8) an Algerian competitor in the 1992 Olympics held in Spain believes that her victories give her confidence and she represents women aspiring to be athletes and to achieve it they need to b...
Without experience in athletic training Anderson has little credibility. Yes, the time of males dominating athletic training may have been before her time, but it would be nice for the reader to get her point of view directly from her. To read how she felt when the women told her their stories of oppression or about how powerless they must of felt during these would have made her piece that much more interesting. Instead, the reader is left to assume that, because she’s a ...
...ennis, basketball, soccer, and martial arts—have come from the days of cheerleading and synchronized swimming when she was growing up in the ’70s.” Disparities in media coverage and over-sexualized female athletes on magazine covers is something that needs to come to an end because of its effects on both male and female viewers, young and old, athletes and non-athletes. Both female and male athletics influence young people and shape their personality and morals as they mature. Retired WNBA player, Lisa Leslie credits her participation in basketball with shaping her character, as well as her career. “Sports can also help teenagers during an awkward time in their development.” (“Women’s Athletics: A Battle For Respect”). The solution is to come together as a society and identify how to balance the respect for female and male athletes in the media.
Before we told our daughters that they could be anyone, or anything they wanted to be, we told them that they could only be what was acceptable for women to be, and that they could only do things that were considered "ladylike." It was at this time, when the nation was frenzied with the business of war, that the women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League decided that they could do and be whatever it was that they chose. These women broke free of the limitations that their family and society had set for them, and publicly broke into what had been an exclusively male sport up until that time.
In 1970 only 1 in 27 girls participated in high school sports, today that ratio is 1 in 3. Sports are a very important part of the American society. Within sports heroes are made, goals are set and dreams are lived. The media makes all these things possible by creating publicity for the rising stars of today. Within society today, the media has downplayed the role of the woman within sports. When the American people think of women in sports, they think of ice skating, field hockey and diving. People don’t recognize that women have the potential to play any sport that a Man can play, with equal skill, if not better.
Sports, in general, are a male dominated activity; every “real” male is suppose to be interested and/or involved in sports in the American society. However, it is not expected of a female to be interested in sports and there is less pressure on them to participate in physically enduring activities. These roles reflect the traditional gender roles imposed on our society that men are supposed to be stronger and dominant and females are expected to be submissive. As Michael Kimmel further analyzes these gender roles by relating that, “feminism also observes that men, as a group, are in power. Thus with the same symmetry, feminism has tended to assume that individually men must feel powerful” (106).
Diana is an excellent illustration of the many struggles of women to find a place for themselves in sports. On an individual level, defying societal stereotypes is extremely difficult. The buriers that the first person must overcome are often extreme. However once the first person breaks down those buriers, it becomes increasingly easier for others to follow in their footsteps. Diana's struggle demonstrates both how far women have come and how far women still have to go.
“The past three decades have witnessed a steady growth in women's sports programs in America along with a remarkable increase in the number of women athletes (Daniel Frankl 2)” From an early age women were thought to be “Lady Like”; they are told not to get all sweaty and dirty. Over 200 years since Maud Watson stepped on the tennis courts of Wimbledon (Sports Media Digest 3); women now compete in all types and levels of sports from softball to National racing. Soccer fans saw Mia Hamm become the face of women’s soccer around the world, Venus and Serena Williams are two of the most popular figures in tennis, and Indy car racing had their first woman racer, Danika Patrick. With all the fame generated by these women in their respective sports, they still don’t receive the same compensation as the men in their respective sports fields.
The first perspective is that women are disadvantaged at any sport. Some people reiterate the difference of men and women in sports. This is influenced by strength and the natural power men hold, comparable to women. Rodriguez questions “Is this because female athletes don’t have what it takes to make it in the world of sports or could it be more of a social issue?” This perspective seems to be a social issue based on the notable skills women acquire vs. the apparent judgments of gender issues. The second perspective is the idea that women deserve and inherently earn their right of equal attention and equal pay. “Sometimes, the secret to equality is not positive discrimination, it 's equal terms. It 's the shrug of the shoulders that says "what 's the difference?" The moment worth aspiring for is not seeing people celebrate the world-class female cricketer who competes at comparatively low-level male professional cricket, but the day when people are aware that she does, and don 't find it notable at all” (Lawson). Lawson makes it a point to confirm the biased notions against women in sports and relay an alternative worth working toward and fighting for. Both outlooks can be biased but only one has factual evidence to back it up. The second perspective reviews an ongoing gender issue. This problem is welcome for change depending on society’s
Due to the nature of this course, most of the films that have been shown concerned the discrimination women face when they attempt to compete against men in athletic areas that have long been considered unfit for their participation. Divisions of sport that could be regarded as more gender neutral were not mentioned nearly as often as those which have a long tradition of masculine head butting and back slapping, and athletics which are deemed feminine were not brought up at all. If the indignation felt by the protagonists of films like Girlfight is any indication of the present attitude of women towards sex-based discrimination in sport, it is entirely possible that we will have come a long way in the fight for equality by the year 2010. The following scenario is purely hypothetical and the future of the sport involved was manipulated for the purposes of this paper only.
Krane, V. (2001). We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women's sport. Quest, 53,115-133.
In some ways, women today face more pressure to be perfect than ever before in history. The feminine ideal of the past has been replaced by a new face — stronger and more independent, but under no less pressure to conform to society's expectations than her predecessors. Today's woman must be all that she was in the past, and more. In addition to being beautiful, feminine, and demure, she must also be physically fit and academically and socially successful. It is no longer appropriate for a woman to depend on anyone, for that would imply subordinance and inferiority. Instead, woman must fill all of these roles on her own. Although achieving independence is an important step for women, it brings added pressure. This is especially visible in films about women in sport. These women experience these pressures at an intense level. They are expected to be phenomenal athletes, and are not held to a lower standard than men. However, they must also be beautiful — if they are not, they face the possibility of discrimination. Added to this is the pressure that they are representative of the entire gender. Films about women in sports show the intense pressure on female athletes to fulfill all aspects of the ideal woman.
Whether its baseball, basketball, soccer, hockey, or tennis, sports is seen all over the world as a representation of one’s pride for their city, country, and even continent. Sports is something that is valued world-wide which has the ability to bring communities together and create different meanings, beliefs and practices between individuals. Although many people may perceive sports to have a significant meaning within our lives, it can also have the ability to separate people through gender inequalities which can also be represented negatively throughout the media. This essay will attempt to prove how gender is constructed in the sports culture while focusing on female athletes and their acceptance in today’s society.