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Effect of Apartheid policy in South Africa
Effect of Apartheid policy in South Africa
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1. Introduction
The spatial structure of the city has a huge impact on how transport networks function. In the case of South Africa with the effects of apartheid planning still looming in the background the ordinary citizen is the one that is affected by this in the end. Public transportation in South Africa has faced a lot problems in the past, some areas in the country are better off than others. The current government is still perpetuating elements of apartheid style planning in the new South Africa. To this day people are still being pushed to the fringes of the city, increasing the pressure on the state to provide better access to public transportation for these newly developed communities (Lucas, 2011:2). The government faces the challenge of providing safe, efficient, accessible and affordable means of public transportation. With high levels of urbanisation and inward migration from other African countries taking place, it is becoming a major problem for the state to provide adequate services for its people. The physical structure of South African cities could be argued to be the main source of all the issue facing the country’s public transportation system. The physical structure of the country and the way in which transportation planning was approached in the past could be seen as the stumbling block that prevents meaningful change in improving public transportation in the future. In attempting to answer the question this paper will be evaluating which mode of public transportation is more superior, either buses or mini buses (taxi). The paper will start off with a short history of public transportation in South Africa, followed by the social, economic and environmental factors that would be used to assess which mode of ...
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The relationship between poor people and poor places is ever constant. Poverty implies for some, a lack of resources, for others, a constellation of needs (Baratz and Grigsby,1971), while for others, poverty is a social position related to the ability to participate in society (Townsend, 1979). Poor communities are typically neglected, lacking the infrastructure and services provided for the better of. Places where poor people live present multiple disadvantages. Main problems are problems of social relationships, gender relations, economic status, lack of security and the capabilities of the poor.
These include encouraging commuters to use public transport, decongesting public transport, decentralizing businesses from the Greater Toronto Area, investing in transport infrastructure, passing relevant transport legislation and dialog with stakeholders in transport industry. These solutions aim at discouraging the use of private vehicles and increasing the effectiveness of public transport to increase the capacity and speeds needed to reduce congestion in Toronto. However, it is important to involve all relevant stakeholders when developing solutions to the transport congestion since as earlier discussed, these people may offer very effective solutions to this problem since they are the major road users. The general public will also be keen to follow changes made to improve the transport sector if it is involved in the change process. This will ensure that Toronto has one of the best transport systems not only in North America but across the
Petersson, Lennart. Post-Apartheid Southern Africa: Economic Challenges and Policies for the Future: Proceedings of the 16th Arne Ryde Symposium, 23-24 August 1996, Lund, Sweden. New York City: Routledge, 1998.
Lichter, Daniel T., Domenico Parisi, and Micheal C. Taquino. "The Geography of Exclusion: Race, Segregation, and Concentrated Poverty." Social Problems 59.3 (2012): 364-388. Print.
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These are two entirely different lifestyles of South Africa depicted in Paton's novel. Neither of them is perfect, but they are the options. One can either live in the backward rural country, or in the industrialized city. When one was raised in a society he would not think much of different societies unless he visited them. Then he would be able to see how different two worlds can be. Even though both societies are just trying to survive and prosper they go about it in much different methods. The are both hoping for the same outcome though, that their children's lives will be better than their own.
From the dawn of time, man has followed his urge to travel; sometimes neglecting the enjoyment of the journey in pursuit of the destination. Although two of the favorable means of passenger transportation - the plane and the train - accomplish the task of arriving at a destination, there are distinct differences in their capacity for comfort, time, scenic value, and safety.
Bureau of African Affairs. (2011). Background Note: South Africa. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.html
Expenses associated with congestion, the literature indicates that employers in competitive urban labour markets end up compensating workers for differentials in commuting costs. Thus, employers end up absorbing excess congestion costs associated with commuting trips. Because essentially all commuting trips have origins and destinations within the region (Khomas), these trips are usually captured by NSA (Namibia Statistics Agency) as regional travel data. The Regional freight delivery (work to work internal truck trips causes implications associated with truck trips such a...
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The development of every nation hinges on the effectiveness of their transportation systems. Movement of goods, services and people to and from locations is made possible by transportation systems. The importance of effective transportation systems cannot be over-emphasized. Many countries face transportation problems and my country Ghana is no exception. A trip of about 30 minutes usually takes about an hour or more due to traffic jams. This is seriously impacting productivity and has become a topical issue in the country. The situation is the same in Uganda where I currently work. To this end, Transportation Engineers are needed to design roads/ highways that will stand the test of time, plan effective traffic management systems to reduce