What Does The Verb Chingar Mean In Mexican Spanish?

1. La Malinche songs: Lila Downs, Ochoa (La maldición de Malinche)
2. Guamán Poma images: Atahualpa and Pizarro
3. Requerimiento reading
4. Discussion questions
What does the verb chingar mean in Mexican Spanish? How does Octavio Paz explore the connotations of the word’s morphemes and why? How does it relate to the idea of the macho? How does these concepts relate to Mexican history and identity?
- Is to do violence to another. Contain the idea of aggression in different levels. Denote violence.
- A Word with innumerable meanings. They depends on the context and the voice inflection. Can be used in circumstances of happiness or sadness.
- Chingon is the “macho” (male). Action/Power – produce violence / chingada is the female. Passive/subjugate-

receivers.
- Is believed that Mexican nation born from the miscegenation.

The mother is represent in the Malinche and the father in the Spaniards. However, the figure of the father disappear and the figure of the abandoned mother with her child’s is an image of the people. Remember the story about Martin son of Cortes’s son with Malinche. And the other son of his Spaniard woman.
“The chingada is the Mother forcibly opened, violated or deceived. The hijo de la Chingada is the offspring of violation, abduction or deceit” (22-3)

How is the veneration of Catholic religious symbols unique in Mexican culture? How are Christ and God the Father usually represented? What do Cuautémoc and the Virgin of Guadalupe represent? What is the connection between the Virgin and Tonantzin?
- Transposition or displacement of the metaphorical Christian images: Father, Son and Mother.
Father – God – dim

figure
Son – Jesus – Cuauhtémoc – He suffered for all the Mexican and they waiting for his resurrection
Mother- Virgin Mary – Guadalupe (Tonantzin). Double answer. Guadalupe is an Indian virgin. Appears in the hill were the Mexicans celebrates to the fertility goddess Tonantzin.
Tonantzin – fertility/ fecundity. Vegetative and agrarian process.
Catholic Virgin – protection/ refuge. Provide refuge for the unfortunate.
“She is the mother of the orphan” (25)

Why does doña Marina (la Malinche) represent la chingada? Why is she associated with the idea of betrayal? Why does Paz use the metaphor of orphanhood for Mexico and the sons of la Malinche?
- Malinche – Cortes Mistress – representation of the violated Mother. Associated with conquest.
- She betrayed the Mexicans in two ways: working as interpreter and being Cortez's Mistress. Both action were an act of opening.
- According to some, including Octavio Paz, she was fascinate, seduced and violated by the Spaniards. But, some opinions are different. Trying to defend her image, taking account that she was a gift for Cortes. She was almost a child. And her circumstance, civil war and the appearance of this new. She had no choice.
- Orphanhood – the impossibility of recognize themselves in their mother. Denial of the Mother because she is a traitor.
- Dichotomy between open and close.
- Attempt to explain the origin of the Mexican Culture.
Atahualpa and Pizarro
How does Hemming use narrative in his history of Atahualpa and Pizarro? Who are the protagonists? What does this quote reveal about the perspective of the narrator: “With striking good fortune, Pizarro’s Spaniards marched into Peru at a moment of great passion in a war of dynastic succession” (88). What is the source of the quotations in the text?
Hemming gave us a context to understand the period when occurred the fall of the Inca Empire.
What was happen in Latin American and Spain – Expulsion of the moor (Granada). Consciousness that the found it territory was more than they thought. Hernan Cortes discovered and invaded Tenochtitlan. His act was a motor to convince another Spaniards to come.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa – crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean 1513
Pascual de Angoyas - He was looking for tribe called Viru/ Biru/ Peru 1522
Francisco Pizarro – Discovered Peru – First Inca city: Tumbez.

Cortes encouraged Pizarro. The queen signed the capitulation and made Pizarro “Governor and Captain General of Peru”
They found and advance civilization. Well Organized. Sophisticate. Regardless, Tumbez was only a glimpse.
Quotation – Civil war has the country separate and exhausted. Maybe without this context the Spaniard could be have a hard time to subdue the Incas.

Why does Atahualpa not seem preoccupied with the presence of the Spanish? How does Atahualpa enter the city of Cajamarca? How many soldiers did Pizarro have? What tactic did he have in mind and where did he learn this?
- According some official text, he did not thought that Spaniard were capable of attack them. His impression were: they were less men and with low organizational capacity. So he allowed to Spaniard go further. He has more important thing to resolve.
- Atahualpa was on the outskirt of Cajamarca resting after a battle. He made a performative entrance with five or six thousand men unarmed. He interpreted the image of the Spaniard as cowards

men.
- Pizarro has only 150 men and 68 horses. His tactic was similar to Cortes.
- Tactic: aware of his disadvantage he wait and show himself as reliable man. They were hide with his arms waiting for a surprise attack.
What exchange of words takes place before the battle? How does Atahualpa react to the Spanish “Requirement”? What had Atahualpa planned to do with the Spanish?
- Friar Vicente de Valverde – cross and missal. Was delivering the requirement. Gave the signal to attack.
- Atahualpa rejected it. As chronical tells, Atahualpa was impress for the materiality (book- written word). However, he did not understand so he rejected it throwing down.
- Atahualpa plan – “…he had intended to capture the governor but the reverse had happened, and for this reason he was so pensive (…) He had decided to take and breed the horses and mares, which were the thing he admired most; and to sacrifice some of Spaniards to the sun and castrate others for service in his household and in guarding his women.” (105)