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Distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research
Comparing and contrasting qualitative research and quantitative
Distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research
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Validity
In research paradigm, validity and reliability are the most basic characteristic issues used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Validity as a psychometric standard is embedded in a positivist approach, which is relevant in reflecting on the qualitative point of view ascribed to the establishment of the truth. In view of this, definition of positivism ascribe to a theory systematic to validity. Additionally, other empirical conceptions culminating from resided validity include truth, deduction, universal laws, evidence, reason, and actuality among others.
For any qualitative research conducted, validity as a concept is a determinant that measures the truth concerning the investigation. Validity is measured by researchers by asking questions and answers are retrieved from other people’s research work (Joppe, 2000, p. 1). Other researchers define validity in quantitative research as construct validity. Construct implies initial concept, hypothesis, notion or question determining data gathered and method of data collection. However, quantitative practitioners affirm the cause or effect interplay between data and construct for validation of investigation by applying test procedures or processes (Golafshani, 2003, p. 599). As a result, with regard to validity, researchers conclude that, it is whether measurements of the mean are accurate or they are measuring the intended features. Accuracy of the mean helps in relating the cause-and-effect relationship present in internal validity.
The above definition is associated with quantitative research methodology. It summarizes that validity to be the extent in which instruments measure the exact thing it purports to measure. An example of validity in research is ...
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...nformation provided during the course of study. In the case of project construction management, leaders need to be aware of the variables affecting internal and external validity to be able to convince the readers on aspects introduced and needing further research.
References
Creswell, J. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, vol. 39, no.
3, pp. 124-131.
Cozby, P & Bates, C. (2012). Methods in behavioral research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The
Qualitative Report 8 (4), 597-607.
Scandura, T & Williams, E. (2000). Research Methodology in Management: Current Practices,
Trends and Implications for Future Research. Academy of Management Journal 43 (6),
1248-1264.
Trochim, W., & Donnelly, J. (2008). Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7
8. Validity - Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. Retrieved from http://www.fhi.org
Gelo, O., Braakmann, D., & Benetka, G. (2008). Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Beyond the Debate. Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 42(3), 266-290. doi:10.1007/s12124-008-9078-3
Validity- The intent to which a measurement tool actually measures what it is intended to
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
Crawford (2000) suggests that project leadership is the highest ranking category among project management competence factors. Project management leadership style affects overall project performance. Recent research supports the idea that successful projects are led by individuals who possess not only a blend of technical and management knowledge, but also leadership skills that are internally compatible with the motivation of the project team (Slevin and Pinto, 1988; Turner et al., 1998). Zimmerer and Yasin (1998) found that positive leadership contributed almost 76% to the success of projects. Negative or poor leadership contributed 67% to the failure of projects. Project leaders need both, relationships and task oriented leadership styles, to cope with the challenges within different phases of project (Slevin and Pinto, 1991). In projects, project leaders must lead their teams towards completing defined goals with in a fixed time scale. Verma (1997) states “Achieving the goal or final aim is the ultimate test of leadership”. Goals and tasks are achieved through people thus making people an important resource for
“Reliability refers to consistency in terms of how well items in an instrument correlate with one another, providing justification for the creation of a scale or index (DeVillis, 2012), or consistency
Project management is said to be completed within time when it completed within the “triple constraints”: cost, time and quality. And in a lot of causes, one them is sacrificed so as to meet the other two. Project managers prioritize which ones are the most important.
Reliability can be defined as the statistical measurement of how consistent and repetitive a research tool or instrument can measure what it is purported to do (Litwin, 1995, p. 6). Validity on the other hand is the measure of how truly or correctly the tool or instrument can measure what it is designed to do (Miller & Kirk, 1986, p.19). Reliability and validity are asymmetrical, meaning that one can be able to achieve ideal reliability with no validity but with a perfect validity comes a perfect reliability. But theoretically, one cannot be able to achieve a perfect validity as no instrument or tool can perfectly be standardized and no assessment or experiment can be perfectly controlled (Miller & Kirk, 1995, p. 21). Normally, tests on reliability are done but none are done on validity. To assess the reliability and validity of the questions that MADD want to use in their survey, several tests will be run on the questions to evaluate the different types or reliabilities and validity. To establish the validity and reliability of this survey, a pilot survey ...
I have used tools and techniques that I studied in last previous semester to apply it in projects, which I done before to practice and improve for myself. On the other hand, I got management and leadership knowledge and helpful information by reading useful resource such as: Harvard Business Review, Forbes magazine and so on. In addition, I also obtain my awareness about management and leadership in constructions projects by talking and debating with my father, who has worked like a contractor in construction field in 20 years. His comment always helps me to achieve a deep understanding about usual problems in construction projects in reality and how to motivate and empower to staff, especially, how to build a relationship between employee and employer, and between manager and
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Assessments need to be reliable and valid, meaning that in order for information obtained by assessments to be useful, the assessments need to meet certain requirements. Reliability means that assessments need to be consistent. You can make an assessment reliable by giving different forms of the same test. The reliability of the assessment is confirmed
This paper explores what it takes to be a construction manager and the responsibilities of being a construction manager and the skills that a construction manager should have. It also explores what good construction managers do to have success on their construction projects and the steps that a construction manager must follow to end a project and meet their deadlines at the same
Traditional research may use quantitative or qualitative research method. According to Hendricks (2009), quantitative research is a general conclusion based on hard data. Hen-dricks describe quantitativ...
Qualitative and quantitative researcher’s exhibited conflicting ways of approaching a research. Some researchers prefer qualitative over quantitative and vice-versa. Also, it is common for qualitative and quantitative to be used together in a research. But, both methods when carried out correctly provide good research. Plus, both methods have their own unique differences and characteristics. In this paper I will define three of these characteristics in a quantitative and qualitative research design and discuss and compare their differences. (Smith & Davis, 2010)