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The Impact of Urbanization
The Impact of Urbanization
The Impact of Urbanization
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Global Urbanization
Urbanization for years has been associated with important economic and social transformations. These transformations have benefited geographic mobility, longer life expectancy rates as well as lower fertility. Both urban and rural areas have drastically reduced the development and poverty levels because they focus on government, national economic activities, and transportation and commerce, with important links between other rural areas, cities, and all across international borders. Urbanization is ideal because living in the city and suburban areas are associated with higher levels of education and literacy, great health with more social service options, as well as heightened opportunities for cultural and political participation. With all of these remarkable benefits, the rapid and unplanned growth of urban areas has become a threatening development for sustainability because the necessary planning of infrastructure was not developed and policies were not implemented before vast amounts of growth was underway.
Due to the unplanned growth and planning of urban areas, they are more unequal than rural areas. Urban areas also have hundreds of poor and substandard housing conditions that lead to other health risks.
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Inventiveness and worker productivity has helped economic growth and can be reward to the families in the middle class. For example, these families have the flexibility to postpone jumping into the workforce premature with a minimal education. But, instead have the opportunity to enhance skills by pursing a higher education. Similarly businesses need and rely on the middle class customers. To be a successful business man it’s important to closely evaluate the trends in the middle class. Majority of customers for most businesses come from the middle class. A healthy economy depends on the skills of the middle
not defined by the middle class. These people are not lost in the void between the poor and
ou’ve probably heard the news that the celebrated post-WW II beating heart of America known as the middle class has gone from “burdened,” to “squeezed” to “dying.” But you might have heard less about what exactly is emerging in its place.
Going back to 1978, the typical male worker was making around 48,000 dollars per year while the average person in the wealthy group of the 1 percent earned 390,000 dollars per year. By 2010, the typical male worker earned less than in 1978 whereas the person in the top 1 percent earned more than twice as much as before. Today in America, 400 people have more wealth than half the population of the United States. Reich explains that a strong middle class is what gives our economy stability. This leads to the fact, that 70 percent of the economy is based on the consumer. If the middle class’ wages declin...
The most often cited cause of the decline of the middle class in the United States is stagnant wages. Between 1955 and 1970, real wages adjusted and inflation rose by an average of 2.5 percent per year. Between 1971 and 1994, the average growth of real wages was 0.3 percent a year. The stagnation of wages has been especially noticeable to middle-class people, who rely very much on the money they make at their jobs. Recessions seem to hit higher income households much harder, which sends them down to the middle class. Middle-income households may or may not be more likely than higher-income households to qualify for unemployment compensation when jobs are scarce. But those who do are more likely than high-income households to receive benefits that replace a greater share of their regular wages, which helps them maintai...
A big problem with the shrinking middle class is due to the fact that the cost of living is on the rise and our economic growth is not able to support. When the middle class initially began losing jobs to other countries, big business leaders along with Republicans and Democrats assured the middle class that the end result would be a higher standard of living for everyone but such was not the case. Outsourcing continues to rise and there just aren’t enough jobs readily available for the middle class. Add in the ever-increasing cost of living and one can see why the middle class struggles so much.
Sachs, J. D. (2011). Why America Must Revive its Middle Class. Time. 178(14). Ps. 30-32.
Middle class Americans represent more than half of the United States’ population. They are the backbone of U.S. economics, and have been since the very beginning of the country’s history. However, an unstable job market, created by outsourcing, combined with a minimum wage which has not been raised since 1989, is gradually shrinking this economic group. To avoid the extinction of this critical class, the next president of the United States will have to go to extraordinary measures. Without major reformation, the middle class will continue to be absorbed by the lower class, ultimately resulting in the complete loss of one of America’s most important socio-economic bodies.
The top 1% absorbed 90% of income gains” (Thurow 16). The top 1% that holds the most capital makes it harder to climb the ladder of social class resulting in a social mobility lock. Recently, “developments in technology, finance, and international trade have generated new waves and forms of insecurity for leading capitalist economies, making life increasingly unequal and chancier for not only the lower and working classes but much of the middle class as well” (Muller 1). The middle class also is affected because they are apart of most small businesses and the working class is in control of the elite wealthy business owners that control most of the economic system because of the place where capitalism placed
Birdsall, Graham, and Pettinato states that middle class is “the backbone of both the market economy and of democracy in most advanced societies” (Banerjee and Duflo 3). Everyone has freedom to decide what they do, where they live, and who they get married. However, there is an aspect that people are fell into when they are born, social classes. The social hierarchy of America consists of three classes, they are upper, middle, and lower class. The vast majority of Americans fall into the category of the middle class. Because of their buying power, the middle class greatly influences the American economic system. The term middle class gets thrown around too much and it is time that a more concrete definition is introduced.
The Negative Effects of Urbanization on People and their Environment As our world becomes increasingly globalized, numerous people travel to urban areas in search of economic prosperity. As a consequence of this, cities in periphery countries expand at rates of 4 to 7 percent annually. Many cities offer entrepreneurs the potential for resources, labor, and resources. With prosperity, cities also allow the freedom of a diversity of ways of life and manners (Knox & Marston, 2012). However, in the quest to be prosperous, increasing burdens are placed on our health and the condition of our environment.
...population distribution designed to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration appears to have had limited success in many developing countries. Policies must be directed at altering the rural economy in order to slow the rate of urban sprawl. Broad land use planning and changing of planning standards and governmental procedures would go a long way to reduce many of the problems that face urban populations in the developing areas, especially Africa. Urbanization can cause a lot of problems for a city or even a country. It can cause cities to become overpopulated which are known as mega-cites, and cause problems with living arrangements and finding a job. Urbanization can also cause health problems. Urbanization is supposed to be good for developing countries on the rise but with this rapid growth in Africa, these problems can become a major concern in the future.
With the development of urbanization, an increasing number of social problems have emerged. These problems will decelerate the urban development, however, there are many ways in which sustainable development can reduce the impact of these urbanization problems. “Sustainable development seeks to improve the quality of human life without undermining the quality of our natural environment” (Adams, W.M. 1999). Actually, sustainable development can partly solve the urbanization problems, for it can reduce the impact of the problems such as traffic jam, housing shortage and severe pollution, but it is difficult to completely solve these problems in a short time.
Systematic urban rural differences are not exactly clear in terms of diseases and life threatening situations in most of the developed nations. Rural health status can be determined by the no of factors which include geographical locations, rural environment, rural life style, socio economic conditions, race and ethnicity. There is no rural urban variation for specific diseases and conditions unless the socio economic condition is not improved. The lack of heath service availability and affordability, transportation facility, higher levels of personal risk and more hazardous environment leads to high mortality morbidity rate. This factors really contributed to the rural urban disparities but not exactly the term rurality. No rural health policy can be effective unless it is implemented. Rural health can be improved by the introduction of primary health care .It must be locally available and accessible to everyone.
A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from approximately 400 millions people in 1950 to approximately 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double...
Global cities are cities with substantial economic power, controlling the concentration and accumulation of capital and global investments. Despite this, global cities are the sites of increasing disparities in occupation and income. This is as a result of large in-migration and growing income inequality together with capacity and resource constraints, and inadequate Government policies.