Addressing the health disadvantage of rural population: How does epidemiological evidence inform rural health policies and research?
In accordance with the rural-urban health status differentials, rural health become a significant concern even in developed countries. It is an evidence from the fact that poorer rural health is because of the health programmes which is failing to meet the needs of the people.
Systematic urban rural differences are not exactly clear in terms of diseases and life threatening situations in most of the developed nations. Rural health status can be determined by the no of factors which include geographical locations, rural environment, rural life style, socio economic conditions, race and ethnicity. There is no rural urban variation for specific diseases and conditions unless the socio economic condition is not improved. The lack of heath service availability and affordability, transportation facility, higher levels of personal risk and more hazardous environment leads to high mortality morbidity rate. This factors really contributed to the rural urban disparities but not exactly the term rurality. No rural health policy can be effective unless it is implemented. Rural health can be improved by the introduction of primary health care .It must be locally available and accessible to everyone.
Health related issues is a social epidemic, it should be eradicated as early as possible especially in rural area. Hence it is important to find and resolve the health problems by utilising wide range of health services which is readily available from the accessible area.
World Health Organisation-An Achievements through September-2004
In this article the Western Pacific Region (WPR) implemented heal...
... middle of paper ...
...l standard and occupational status.
People living in disadvantaged area with low economic status experienced high health problems. Educational level has been divided into three group: bachelor degree, diploma and no post- school education. Persons with bachelor degree had low health related factors. Occupation is widely recognised to measure socio economic status of the individual. It is divided into three groups: managers, administrators and professionals. Occupation having the wide skill requirement located at the top level and have less health condition.
In conclusion, health inequality become a major concern in Australia. To tackle the problem through resource allocation, priority group identification and policy implementation. The introduction of monitoring system and research programme would reduce the health inequalities among the whole population.
People living in areas such as Playford, has shown to have a lower socioeconomic position, which made them at highest risk of poor health (WHO, 2017). Then, the social determinants of health support the understanding the difference between populations health levels, but also the reasons behind why some groups are healthier than others (Marmot, 2005) and the issue becomes a little bit deeper as people living in different areas related to others differently, so then the social stratification of health is affected by differences in gender, marital status, residential areas and ethnicity (Elstad,
...nts of Health and the Prevention of Health Inequities. Retrieved 2014, from Australian Medical Association: https://ama.com.au/position-statement/social-determinants-health-and-prevention-health-inequities-2007
People living in rural areas are experiencing highly limited excess to health care facilities either because they are not aware of the disease symptoms as a result of low education level or because the treatment is not available for them. In addition, rural population tend to smoke and drink more than others which has an extremely negative impact on their health status demonstrated by higher mortality and morbidity rates than that of the population living in the major cities (Beard et al., 2009). the mortality rate in regional areas of Australia are 1.05-1.15 times, and in remote areas 1.2-1.2 times those in major cities (Phillips, 2009).
What is rural? On the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website the U.S. Census Bureau defines the word "rural" to mean “whatever is not urban” ("Defining the Rural Population," n.d, p. 1). The Census Bureau describes urban centers as populations of 50,000 or more and urban clusters ...
For decades, individuals living in rural areas have been considered medically underserved. Access to healthcare is a problem that has been increasing for individuals in rural America due to aging populations, declining economies, rural hospital closures, rising healthcare costs, healthcare provider shortages and difficulties attracting and retaining healthcare personnel and physicians (Bauer, 2002). This population experience more health disparities than t...
“Health is the state of complete physical, mental, social and intellectual well-beings not merely an absence of disease”(WHO,1998).Good health is essential in life as people’s career will be affected if they fall ill.. In the developed countries like Australia, People who are not involved in the healthy lifestyle are suffering from a range of health disorders like overweight, high blood pressure, obese, heart diseases, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney problems, liver disorders and so many. To overcome these health issues Australian government introduced health care system. This essay will firstly, discuss the Australian health care system and secondly, compare Australia with other countries around the world in relation to different consideration on health.
By calculating data identifying inequalities alongside the Ministry of Health in random regions throughout Brazil, in 2012, Barufi, Haddad, and Paez, found numerous problems: Previous health care expansion was ineffective due to its inaccessibility, few socioeconomic improvements have restricted many impoverished people in Brazil to obtain any social mobility, and lastly without the proper infrastructure, there is little that can be done to reduce the infant mortality rate (p. 6-8). In relation, Narayan Sastry found through her studies of studying urban and rural child infant mortality in 1997 that, those community characteristics have a strong impact but do not directly have an effect Infant mortality in Brazil (p. 999-1001). In simpler terms, there are SDH that are not examined that have greater impacts but are not implemented due to its lack of studying. Though her numbers did not openly infer this, if a community has such an important impact, imagine what preventative care specified to each community could do to influence the IMR for those regions. As presented, infant mortality is clearly a problem but is often hard to precisely identity the greatest contributing factor. In the next section, the causes and effects of infant mortality will be
Humber, N. (2009). The occasional D & C. Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine, 14 (3), 118. Retrieved from http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/HTML/N0/l2/cjrm/vol-14/issue-3/pdf/pg115.pdf
Turrell, G. et al. (2006) Health inequalities in Australia: morbidity, health behaviors, risk factors and health service use. Canberra: Queensland University of Technology and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2006. Retrieved on March 29th, 2011 from http://152.91.62.50/publications/phe/hiamhbrfhsu/hiamhbrfhsu-c00.pdf.
support medical practice in rural/remote regions: what are the conditions for success? Implement Sci. 2006 Aug 24;1:18.
Similarly, health condition could in turn affect the access to housing as well. People with worse health problems were found more difficult to attain a better housing. And such a poorer housing condition could also impact on people’s major development including the education attainment, employment access, and health condition (Manturuk, 2013). It is cyclical effects between health and housing for people living in poorer could have higher risks of health problems which could also limit people to improve their housing condition (Manturuk, 2013).
Studies address financial barriers to providing health care services to rural patients. There a disparate amount of people who are not insured and rely on government resources to help assist them in health care finances which is difficult for health professional to have a successful practice (Stamm, Lambert, Piland, & Speck, 2007). In addition, elderly lacks access to social and health services and does not have insurance to pay for services. In this study mention how “rural elders are more likely to enter in nursing homes at earlier ages because of loneliness and depression” (p.301). Additionally, professional practicing in rural areas are pressure to service clients in the rural community due to low socioeconomic and isolated population growth which cause the practice to be difficult to provides for the community. It is important for social workers to be aware of the different challenges their client face while seeking health care services in the rural
Imagine having to choose to reside in one place for the rest of your life. Which would you opt for? Some people would argue that the hyperactive lifestyle that a big city has to offer has more benefits than living in the country. However, others would contend that the calm and peaceful environment of the countryside is much more rewarding. Several people move from the city to a farm to get away from the hustle and bustle. Likewise, some farmers have traded in their tractors and animals to live a fast paced city life. Of course, not all large cities are the same nor are all of the places in the country identical. Realizing this, ten years ago, I decided to hang up the city life in Indiana to pursue a more laid back approach to life in rural Tennessee. Certainly, city life and life in the country have their benefits, but they also have distinguishable differences.
Primary Health Care is crucial or vital care made globally attainable to individuals and families in the community by means they approve to, through their full contribution and at a cost that the community and country can manage. It forms a basic part both of the country’s health system of which it is the core and the inclusive of social and economic evaluation of the community. In other words primary health care targets on providing affordable, attainable and suitable services for the obstructive treatment and management of disease procedure. In 1978, the dispute of public health that is shielding the greatest level of health for the highest number of people formed the agenda for a meeting of public health representatives from 134 countries, universally . It was held in Alma Ata ( A city in the former USSR ) to build new ideas and new mottos in public health. Their focus was to authorize people to have command over decisions that affected their own health, families and communities. Also to reduce inequities. The promising statement for World Health Organization was “ Health for All ” (HFA). The paramount of Primary Health Care was aiding of proper nutrition and an adequate supply of safe water, basic sanitation, child and maternal care, including family planning, immunization against the major infectious diseases, prevention and stabilizing of endemic diseases, education empowerment, conquering health problems and methods of preventing and controlling them, and suitab...
Due to rural-urban migration, there has been increasing levels of poverty and depopulation in rural areas. This is one of the reasons why the government has seen it as necessary and made it a priority to improve the lives of the people who live in rural areas. Rural development is about enabling people in the rural areas take charge of their destiny. This is through the use and management of the natural resources they are exposed to. This is a process through which people learn over time and they use this knowledge to adapt to the changing world. The purpose of rural development is to improve the lives of people living in the rural areas.