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The causes and effects of urbanization
The causes and effects of urbanization
The causes and effects of urbanization
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Urbanisation is an indispensable component of Economic Development, but along with it arrives in all allied problems. With the increase in urbanization trends the towns and cities not just becomes more densely populated but also they expand geographically. This process of urbanization creates a huge gap between the supply and demand of urban infrastructure and services. This leads to overstressed basic infrastructure services in urban areas. To cope up with these problems the urban local bodies will have to scale up in their capacity to provide adequate infrastructure facilities such as water supply, sewerage system, sanitation, solid waste management, housing and roads in the existing urban areas as well as in new areas. Such haphazard development otherwise poses to severe health and economic risks to the entire community.
Identifying the case
It has been found while reviewing these Union Territories that these small districts were subject to their difference in time of independence from subjective foreign rule which ultimately had different policies established in them. That is the related regional complexities witnessed by the Central Government. The common observations found from the literature are that these Union Territories were classified as the backward and tribal lands and were in immediate takeover through the Central government for these Union territories to self sustain.
These union Territories are rich in History and potentially a great significance to the rulers who governed them until their independence, they were a resourceful and strategic place for trade and welfare, but soon as the ruling colonies declined and reclaimed by the Republic, India, parallel to which states started forming and these residual lands...
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...ouncil, though the fund allocated to District Panchayat is proportionately very less when compared to Municipal council budget when there is matter of huge area and functions under the District Panchayat the funds are few.
The village Panchayats own revenues are from house tax, construction fees etc. The district Panchayat does not have any tax revenue and its non-tax revenue collection is insignificant. The resources of the Municipal Council Most of the taxes yield little revenue though compared to District Panchayat council sustain.
A lot of these tax collections are in amount overdue. These institutions do not have a viable tax base, due to the small size of the population and a small geographical area to operate in. They also do not have the required support staff to collect the tax. Therefore they are totally dependent on support from the UT government.
The arrival of immigrants triggered a rapid urbanization of the major cities in the United States. New buildings were built to keep up with the city’s population increase, new modes of transportation were built in order to get across the city faster, and settlement house were created The immigrants rushed into cities causing skyscrapers and tenements to be build. As a result of limited land, businesses decide to build the business up instead of out. In addition, many of the immigrants were poor, so the tenement was invented. A tenement is a building full of small apartments that would house many families. Document two shows an immigrant family living in one of these tenements. In addition, to changes in building there were also changes
Gentrification is defined as the process by which the wealthy or upper middle class uproot poorer individuals through the renovation and rebuilding of poor neighborhoods. Many long-term residents find themselves no longer able to afford to live in an area, where the rent and property values are increasing. Gentrification is a very controversial topic, revealing both the positive and negative aspects of the process. Some of the more desirable outcomes include reduced crime rate, increased economic activity, and the building of new infrastructures. However, it is debated whether the negatives overwhelm the positive. An increase in the number of evictions of low-income families, often racial minorities can lead to a decline of diversity
Recently, in India the more powerful people have been depriving the poor of their mere wealth. According to the author, " million living below the poverty line is that the public exchequer is being looted, and that the money earmarked for development is going into the pockets of the rich and the powerful."(2 Bunker). This portrays that the donated and tax money that has been put forth for the poor is going into the high authority pockets. This leads to a greater gap between the rich and poor. The ones that deserve more are being deprived and tormented of their rights. Only 17% of the development money is reaching the poor the rest is taken by the corrupt officials. This is also shown when the article states, "Thousands of schools, dispensaries, roads, small dams, community centres and residential quarters have been shown to be complete on paper, but in reality are incomplete, inhospitably unutilized and abandoned."(1 Bunker). It is evident that the government is showing these facilities have been provided to seem diligent on paper. However, the basic necessities which is a citizens right have been taken away from the poor. Many rights including the voting rights of the poor village people are snatched by the officials. The poor do not have the right to true information of where the money for the poor from the government is being spent. It is because false receipts and vouchers
This investigation seeks to discover whether or not the Sepoy revolution in 1857 had a sufficient impact on India’s rise to independence and separation from the British Empire. The Sepoy revolution was a revolution of the Sepoy soldiers in 1857, and complete independence from the British Empire was not achieved by Indians until 1947. Therefore, did the Sepoy revolution catalyze their rise to independence, or was independence inevitable? The impact of the Sepoy Revolution will be found by looking at the effects of the Sepoy revolution and determining whether or not they were key factors in the rise to independence. A variety of sources will be used. Two important sources that will be used during this investigation are Indian Summer by Alex Von Tunzelmann and Empire: How Britain Made The Modern World by Niall Ferguson.
Perhaps the biggest failure in the reservation system affecting current times is in the status of laws and jurisdiction. Communal land ownership and federal trust restrictions on land ownership and use inhibit economic development and many land allotments are owned collectively by groups of individuals. Multiple ownership makes it difficult to manage the lands and it reduces benefits to individuals. It is also nearly impossible to use the land as collateral for obtaining loans because of federal protection from encumbrances on trust
Under the administration of the Marquess of Dalhousie (Governor-General 1848-56), the last of the independent Indian states, including the wealthy Muslim state of Oudh, were annexed by the British. To consolidate this new territory, some degree of Westernisation was introduced: an Indian railway and road system was developed and the first three Indian universities were founded, creating a tier of higher-caste men educated according to the British system but not fully incorporated into those careers of civil service and army awaiting them. Child marriage and the practice of suttee previously had been abolished and, in 1856, a regulation was passed requiring sepoys to serve overseas thereby losing caste. Both the annexation and consolidation heightened tension between government and population and mutiny was inevitable when the Indian section of the army was allocated cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, unclean to both Hindu and Muslim elements.
There is a collective existence of different forms legal systems, because of the country’s diversity in culture, language and religion. This diversity is able to flourish in India only because of representation of different communities. Diversity and pluralism are acknowledged in India which safeguards the interests of different social groups and communities. This led to law being seen as necessarily pluralistic. However, after colonisation there was an effort made by the British to make law uniform, an essential condition in what was seen as ‘modern law’. Nonetheless, after independence an effort was made to have a pluralistic legal system as this would lead to better representation of different communities. This is how the Panchayati Raj system, a form of local self-government came about. Panchayats were reintroduced in 1992 after the British rule, and there a panchayat in every town of village. The people of the village elect the members of the ‘panch’, whose responsibility is the local administration of the village. In many places, gram panchayats are also known as gram sabhas. In this manner, different forms of legal pluralism shape everyday ordering and disputing in rural and urban India. They relate to formal law as well as customary legal orders equally. The two governance systems interact, which can be termed as formal law and traditional law. Customary law is also termed as unnamed law as it does not refer to a specific basis of
According to the White Paper on Local Government (1996), it is clear that national government is increasingly looking to local government as a logical point of coordination and necessary vehicle for the implementation of policies and programmes. Provincial governments are also decentralising certain functions to local government. At the same time, local government is constitutionally obliged to participate in national and provincial development programmes. It is also clear that the policies and programmes of other spheres have wide-reaching implications for local government, and can potentially have a positive impact on municipal capacity and a strong synergy with municipal programmes. National and provincial government can build local government capacity through the way they execute their own programmes, and enhance the effectiveness of both. Some of the ways in which this can happen are:
Urbanization is the movement from a rural society to an urban society, and involves a growth in the number of people in urban areas. Urban growth is increasing in both the developed but mostly in the developing countries. Urbanization is associated with the problems of unemployment, poverty, bad health, poor cleanliness, urban slums environmental deprivation. This causes a very big problem for these developing countries and who are some of poorest countries. Africa urbanization is not as big as most developing countries but is on the rise for it outbursts in city growth lately. (Saundry, 2008).
In 2009-10, the non & tax revenue contributed was about 22% of total revenue of Central Government and 2% of GDP. The main sources of non & tax revenue are as follows
Mann, Harold H. 1929. “ The Agriculture of India.” Annals of the American Academy of Rolitical and Social Science. 145: 72-81. Accessed November 15, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1016888
Transfer of functional responsibilities it is very hard to make decision for every part of the country from the center. Center government do not have detailed knowledge of local needs it is very important to give decision making right to the local people local bodies. I...
...ruggle or in some cases continue to struggle if this tax was a continuous one. This tax is aimed at helping the disadvantaged and creating equality within our country and with the help from this tax our country would be on its way to moving forward to that step. The Khulumani Support Group welcomed this “wealth tax” in a statement that set out fair steps that should be taken by government officials to put this wealth tax in place. Their steps are not only fair but are also logical, wanting at least R2 billion for 5 years thus when divided up providing R2000 per month to the amount of victims that are estimated at around 120, 000.
This chapter of the research is dedicated to presenting the review of the related literature, which will be helpful in establishing conceptual and theoretical-framework pertinent to the study. Thus, this portion of the research will bring out the meaning of good governance by summarizing what has been said by different scholars’, international organizations as well as aid agencies. The attributes/elements of good governance which were defined by UNDP and AfDB will be presented separately. In line with this, the major dimensions of good governance, elements of good urban governance with their detail will be summarized which will be helpful in analyzing good governance at local level.
This act emphasise that municipality should have a sound relationship with community members so that there can be an indication on matters regarding services delivery and its cost. This is an imperative documentation for local governance in matters of governance and the political office bearers and local authorities have to implement the content of this act to promote good governance to provide service delivery on an effective and efficient manner