The Native American Two-Spirit is a unique cultural phenomenon that reveals much about gender variance and sexuality. A further understanding of Two-Spirit people speaks to both traditional Native American society and to our larger sexually diverse modern society. Like many topics in the academic sphere, the interest in studying Two-Spirit people ebbed and flowed until finally gaining momentum. Interest in the topic increased during the American Indian civil rights movement, the feminist movement and LBGTQ activism. With each new generation of scholarship the analysis of Two-Spirit people evolved from anthropological, feminist, and post-modernist perspectives, amongst others. These analyses as well as the influence of cultural changes have created interpretations of the Two-Spirit phenomena as both a traditional shaman and contemporary LBGTQ icon. In the mid 1950’s to 1960’s very little research existed about the Two-Spirit or, commonly referred to at the time, “Berdache”. This term loosely translates to “slave boy” and is now considered politically incorrect. Its application by colonial Europeans is not only inaccurate but places a western notion of passivity and feminism on a diverse group of individuals. The continual use of this derogatory term in early scholarship stands as a testament to how little research existed on Two-Spirit identity, spirituality, and sexuality. While today the term Two-Spirit is more widely accepted between tribes I will use the term “Berdache” only when discussing the research by earlier historians as it is used in their work. Published in the American Anthropological Journal in 1953, The Winnebago Berdache by Nancy Lurie represents one of the first examples of scholarly research on the Two-Spirit in... ... middle of paper ... ...anthropological perspective, one that focuses on the tools, occupations and clothing worn by Two-Spirit, to a field interested in their sexuality and identity. During this time the works on sexual power and dominance written by Michel Foucault informed the interpretation and analysis of historians on the subject of Two-Spirit sex roles. Foucault, esteemed for writing a comprehensive history of sexuality, informed many of the analysis on this subject following his work’s publication. In his volume the History of Sexuality published in 1972, Michel Foucault discusses the many aspects of sexuality and its use as a form of power. Specifically Foucault was imminent in interpreting the role of dominance and passivity in sex and in homosexual interactions. These discussions informed many of the works that followed, especially the work Long Before Stonewall (Rifkin, 2011).
In Albert L. Hudarto’s essay, “Sexuality in California 's Franciscan Missions: Cultural Perceptions and Sad Realities,” I initially thought the author would discuss sexuality in the San Francisco Mission district as I probably was not paying too much attention to the title. I also questioned how this article would relate to the first lecture discussed in class about Native American tribes in California. Hudarto clearly states his thesis as “This essay will examine an aspect of the mission experience that has not received much attention -- Indian sexuality and Franciscans ' attempts to control it.” His purpose is to inform reader of California Indians’ sexuality prior to and post integration of Franciscan beliefs, and the effects the Franciscans had on the Indians.
In the text “Seeing Red: American Indian Women Speaking about their Religious and Cultural Perspectives” by Inés Talamantez, the author discusses the role of ceremonies and ancestral spirituality in various Native American cultures, and elaborates on the injustices native women face because of their oppressors.
In the rough and tropical island of Papua New Guinea, lived an exceptional aggregation of individuals called, The Gebusi. In the 1980's, The Gebusi tribe was anything besides up to date and acculturated. The Gebusi had their own particular singular and special customs and conventions that they rehearsed and accompanied. The Gebusi tribe took part in custom homosexuality, divination or witchcraft was exceedingly respected and polished, and they partook in particular sister-trade relational unions. By 1998-99, The Gebusi tribe had made another lifestyle. The Gebusi had gotten accustomed with new social convictions, modernization due to “western ways” that had changed their lives until the end of time especially changing their ways and view on gender roles and sexuality.
Almost all continents try to recognize and integrate more than just two specific genders. Some terms include “transgender” and “gay”. Many people classify gender with three things such as only having two sexes (male/female), only having two sexualities (gay/straight), and only having two genders (male/female). Around the globe, many have their own traditions for establishing genders. In the film, “Two Spirits”, Fred was not just a boy who wanted to be a girl, but he wanted to be both a boy and a girl. He was identified as a nadleehi in his Navajo culture. According to Western societies they have no straight connection to this tradition, while other communities are strict with either origins of sex, sexuality, or gender. Knowing about different cultures on how one view gender diversity can make one understand the gender expression
Significantly, Welch deconstructs the myth that Plains Indian women were just slaves and beasts of burden and presents them as fully rounded women, women who were crucial to the survival of the tribal community. In fact, it is the women who perform the day-to-day duties and rituals that enable cultural survival for the tribes of...
Each of these cultural competences has its own impacting influence and effect over the continuum of the lives of the characters that comprised the story. Towards the progress of the story, the impact of cultural values, beliefs and traditional norms that guided the Hmong people set up their own unique traditions and practices. This influenced the overall development of their cognitive skills and emotional capacities. Furthermore, these cultural competences defined their lives, how they lived in the community and how they organized their roles and their functions towards the society. These were various cultural domains that overall defined their personality and how they should live their lives and unique individuals. However, it was these same cultural and religious considerations that separated them the "normal sense" of development, function and expression of existence (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009, p. 1). These are the cultural and religious influences that disabled them to understand the narrative display and critical applications of modern knowledge and science. Because of their own set of cultural display and traditions, the Hmong people could not care less of the applications and understanding of modern practices and expressions. Likewise, after Lia was thought of being possessed by an evil spirit, the community thought of her as a poor girl disturbed by the lost souls.
Throughout ancient history, many indigenous tribes and cultures have shown a common trait of being hunter/gatherer societies, relying solely on what nature had to offer. The geographical location influenced all aspects of tribal life including, spirituality, healing philosophy and healing practices. Despite vast differences in the geographical location, reports show various similarities relating to the spirituality, healing philosophy and healing practices of indigenous tribal cultures.
In the book titled Around the World in 30 Years, Barbara Gallatin Anderson’s makes a precise and convincing argument regarding the acts of being a cultural anthropologist. Her humor, attention to detail, and familiar analogies really allow for a wholesome and educating experience for the reader. Her credible sources and uniform writing structure benefits the information. Simply, the book represents an insider’s look into the life of a cultural anthropologist who is getting the insider’s look to the lives of everybody
Prior to 15th century colonization, indigenous peoples of North America enjoyed a gender system that included not only women and men, but also a third gender known as Two-Spirit. In Native American culture, individuals who identified as Two-Spirit were revered by society and held important roles among tribes. In their article “The Way of the Two-Spirited Pe...
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There has been a long and on going discourse on the battle of the sexes, and Simone De Beauvoir’s The Second Sex reconfigures the social relation that defines man and women, and how far women has evolved from the second position given to them. In order for us to define what a woman is, we first need to clarify what a man is, for this is said to be the point of derivation (De Beauvoir). And this notion presents to us the concept of duality, which states that women will always be treated as the second sex, the dominated and lacking one. Woman as the sexed being that differs from men, in which they are simply placed in the others category. As men treat their bodies as a concrete connection to the world that they inhabit; women are simply treated as bodies to be objectified and used for pleasure, pleasure that arise from the beauty that the bodies behold. This draws us to form the statement that beauty is a powerful means of objectification that every woman aims to attain in order to consequently attain acceptance and approval from the patriarchal society. The society that set up the vague standard of beauty based on satisfaction of sexual drives. Here, women constantly seek to be the center of attention and inevitably the medium of erection.
... decades ago. This book is one that will allow the reader to view many aspects of sexuality from a social standpoint, and apply it to certain social attitudes in our society today, these attitudes can range from the acceptance of lesbian and gays, and the common sight of sex before marriage and women equality. The new era of sexuality has taken a definite "transformation" as Giddens puts it, and as a society we are living in the world of change in which we must adapt, by accepting our society as a changing society, and not be naive and think all the rules of sexuality from our parents time our still in existence now.