The human body has mechanisms in place to regulate conditions, and this regulation is
called homeostasis. Homeostasis is a process involving maintaining a state of
equilibrium by adjusting physiological processes (Marieb & Hoen, 2016, pg. 28). The
two primary systems involved in homeostasis are the nervous and endocrine systems
(Marieb & Hoen, 2016, pg. 29). The nervous system is responsible for the regulation of
body temperature, which when responding to a decreased external temperature activates
a negative feedback mechanism (Marieb & Hoen, 2016, pg. 30). This negative feedback
mechanism counteracts the original stimulus by the vasoconstriction of blood cells,
piloerection, and contraction of skeletal muscles to promote a healthy response
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(Amerman, 2016, pg. 558). When a human goes into a cold environment, the internal conditions are changed by homeostasis. The receptor, the skin detects the change and passes cold blood to the control centre, called the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus, monitoring this change
signals the effectors if core temperature falls below thirty-seven Degrees Celsius. The
blood vessels then receive this information leading to vasoconstriction, which reduces
heat loss through radiation. Vasoconstriction means the muscles in the blood vessels
contract restricting blood flow to the surface of the skin, which results in a lower
volume of blood flowing through our skin.
A fall in core temperature can also lead to increased voluntary muscular activity such as
stamping, tapping, and fidgeting. Involuntary activity such as shivering is another
response; the rapid relaxation and contraction of skeletal muscles controlled by the
autonomic nervous system. These contractions vary from increased muscular tone to
dynamic oscillations. These contractions also enhance the amount of heat released
through respiration and raise body temperature (Naish, Revest, & Court, 2016, pg. 2). In
response to a decreased external temperature, humans also show piloerection. Piloerection is where erector muscles in skin contract making body hairs stand up.
Mammals with thicker fur form an insulating layer by trapping more air close to
the skin, resulting in a significant decrease in heat loss. The nervous system by maintaining body temperature becomes an important aspect of homeostasis. By responding to reduced external temperature, it activates a negative feedback system. This negative feedback system counteracts the original stimulus resulting in the vasoconstriction of blood cells, piloerection, and skeletal muscle contractions to promote a healthy response. These effectors ultimately lead to the raising of body temperature to its' normal state of thirty-seven degrees.
The contraction of the inspiratory muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity causing the pressure within the alveoli to decrease and air to flow into the alveoli. During resting inspiration, the diaphragm, the external intercostals and the parasternal intercostals contract to stimulate inspiration. During forced inspiration the scalene and the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity. The pectoralis minor muscles also play a minor role in forced inspiration. During quiet breathing, relaxation of these muscles causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease, resulting in expiration. During a forced expiration, the compression of the chest cavity is increased by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and various abdominal
Homeostasis is the biological process that maintains a stable internal environment despite what occurs in the external environment. Chemicals and bodily functions are maintained in a balanced state so the body may function optimally. There are various systems in the human body that require maintenance through the processes of biochemical checks and balances so they may function properly. One of these systems includes the rise and fall of blood glucose and is under the control of the homeostatic regulation process. Homeostasis is essential in blood glucose regulation as high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) and low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) are dangerous and can affect the human body in many ways and can also lead
occurs so the heat deep in the muscles is conserved. Since the vessels are now
The Circulatory System is a transportation and cooling system for the body. The Red Blood Cells act like billions of little mail men carrying all kinds of things that are needed by the cells, also RBC's carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells. All cells in the body require oxygen to remain alive. Also there is another kind of cells called white blood cells moving in the system. Why blood cells protect from bacteria and other things that are harmful. The Circulatory system contains vein arteries, veins are used to carry blood to the heart and arteries to carry the blood away. The blood inside veins is where most of the oxygen and nutrients are and is called deoxygenated and the color of the blood is dark red. However, blood in the arteries are also full of oxygen but is a bright red. The main components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Our body need a type of mechanism that is needed to maintain its internal environment. This is usually controlled by the process of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment (that means keeping the condition inside your body the same).
The extra heat produced during metabolic exchange, raises the body temperature again affecting the enzymes and heat is then removed by sweating. If the body isn’t kept hydrated during exercise, dehydration will occur, causing the blood to become concentrated. When the blood becomes concentrated, the cells no longer have enough water to function.
when your body is at rest. The body puts out this inferno by increasing the
rises and help to cool the blood then they contract in cold and help preserve
In each zone, impulses and reflexes travel until they reach nerve endings in the feet and the hands. These zones are believed to be meridians along which energy flows. Placing pressure on the nerve endings in the hands and the feet will affect the organs found in that particular zone (http://www.reflexology.org/aor/refinfo/healart.htm). As well as longitudinal zones throughout the body, there are also cross-reflex points. These cross-reflex points are corresponding points on the opposite side of the body which can be useful in administering reflexology treatment when pressure is not able to be placed on the reflex point....
In many opinions it is thought that the brain and the neurons have less than importance than the heart. However, there is large quantities that people disagree that the brain and neurons are an important factor in our body. One study showed, the brain is the one that control every part of the body. Awhile the neurons travels across a synapse se...
varies from either high to low the blood vessels in the skin is dilating. When the
The nervous system’s main function is to coordinate all of the activities in the body. The main organs are the cerebellum, which controls and coordinates movement. The cerebrum, is the center for conscious thought, learning, and memory. The last main organ is the brain stem. The brain stem keeps the automatic systems in your body working. Problems of the nervous system include, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and multiple sclerosis. You can care for your nervous system by wearing a seatbelt, wearing a helmet, and by not using drugs or alcohol. Something very confusing about the nervous system is that the left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body!
This arc belongs to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for controlling involuntary body functions. This system helps us maintain a steady heartbeat while we are sleeping, and anything else that is necessary to keep us alive during low levels of consciousness. This system affects the body functions that are not consciously managed, such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, pupillary dilation, and urination. However, there are some ANS actions that we are able to control with our mind to a certain extent, such as swallowing.
Nervous system is one of the major organ systems that is responsible for the coordination of biological activities inside the body through cells called neurons. It is composed of the brain and spinal cord which are surrounded by protective layers of bone and membrane tissues called meninges. There are two major divisions in the nervous system; first one is the central nervous system (CNS) and the other being the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and retina while the PNS includes the sensory neurons, ganglia, and connecting neurons. The nervous system applies control using nerves; almost as if sending a message by a telephone. The nervous system is fast due to its electrical nature. The nerve cells in this system are connected with each other in a complex manner where the neural pathways would be possible. Neural
[online] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous system.html [Accessed: 1 Oct 2013]. Reece, J. 2012. The. Campbell biology. San Francisco, CA. -.