Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning

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I will explain the psychology of learning and the theories I use in my practice. Analysing these theories and teaching methods will give rise, to investigating how these will help in teaching and learning ‘In a nutshell, a principle is a value, belief or ethic relating to something you do and the theory is that which explains why it works’.(Wilson 2009:350) In delivering of a lessons, educator must keep in mind SMARTER objectives.
Investigating these theories the focus must be on the implication they have on my practice. These are only useful in so far as they can help the learners achieve the lesson aims and objectives. (Wallace 2007:93)
Behaviourism is where a person learns through responding to stimuli so as to optimise their own situation. This means that humans have a need to learn so by adapting to a changing environment around to be able to survive. For instance a learner who has some sensory impairment will adapt their own learning styles to accommodate for this barrier by adapting method and using experience they are able to achieve the same learning outcomes as other learners.
Pavlov’s theory is known has classical conditioning ‘He is remembered for the salivating dogs which illustrates very usefully the central behaviourist idea that behaviour can be predicted, measured and controlled, and that learning a matter of stimulus and response (Wallace 2007:97).’
Thorndike’s theory is known as trial and error. He places a hungry cat into a cage, and put the food outside the cage. So the cat used trial and error to discover how to get to the food outside the cage. This process was timed and recorded for each attempt. It was found that each time the experiment was repeated with the same cat the time taken was reduced proving t...

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...ct, Teacher and Learner. Humanism is base on process, Andragogy and Gestaltists and the delivery of this system: Learner, Subject and Teacher. By realising that these theories overlap one another in several ways, I conclude that I need to incorporate a varied approach to curriculum delivery which will give learners maximum scope so to absorb new information, engage with enthusiasm and make the necessary connection with previous knowledge so to ensure long-term retention.

Bibliography
Gravels Ann, (2008) Preparing to teach in the Lifelong Leaning Sector.
Third edition UK: Learning Matter
Petty Geoff (2009) Teaching Today
Fourth edition Nelson Thorns
Wallace Susan (2009) Teaching Tutoring and Training in the Lifelong Learning Sector
Third edition learning Matters
Wilson Linda (2009) Practical Teaching: A guide to PTLLS & DTLLS
DELMAR Engage Learning

Fixed Ratio Schedule Training with Lab Rats
2535 Words | 6 Pages
Hollis, K. (1997). Contemporary research of Pavlovian conditioning: A new functional analysis. American Psychologist, 52. 956-965.
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Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning
1966 Words | 4 Pages
Behaviourism main theorist included Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike who describes this theory as having a ‘stimulus and response’. Petty states, ‘learners are motivated by expected reward of some kind (such as praise or satisfied curiosity); learning will not take place without it’ (Petty, 2009:15-16). In addition, there should be immediate reinforcement otherwise this will cause a delay in learning. Another principle of behaviourism is the learning should be step by step and not all at once and by doing so the learner has successions of successes which increase their motivation that leads ‘to more complex behaviour’. Petty also states that ‘effective teachers stress key points and summarise them at the beginning and at the end of the class and, makes use of old learning in developing new learning’ (Petty, 2009:16).
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Examples Of Operant Conditioning
719 Words | 2 Pages
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
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The Pros And Cons Of Pavlovian Conditioning
818 Words | 2 Pages
Pavlovian conditioning is more complicated than it had been initially purported. The paper by Rescorla that was published almost sixteen years ago revealed that there are more complex relationships between different stimulus. According to Robert Rescorla, the Pavlovian conditioning would be better treated as a reflection of the immense efforts of an information-seeking organism. Pavlovian conditioning is also referred to as classical conditioning. The two terms merge to give one meaning. According to Rescorla, Pavlovian conditioning is the behavior modification process that focuses on an intrinsic reaction to a biological stimulus that elicits a particular and desired response.
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Discussion Board #2: Behaviorism and Tantrums
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Behaviorism, or learning theory is one of three “grand theories” of human development. The focus of behaviorism is observable behavior, with no reference to mental processes. As a learning theory behaviorism, assumes that learning occurs via interactions with the environment, through the process of conditioning.
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Examples Of Self Regulation And Learning Theory
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The processes within each of the three learning theories offer valuable self-regulation strategies for my specialization of psychology. My interest is criminology and I would have to apply all three learning theories in my cases to allow me to solve cases. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and contends that there are no philosophical differences between publicly observable processes (such as actions) and privately observable processes, such as
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Centered Around Playing Baseball, David Perkins' Book, Making Learning Whole
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...ores, teachers fall in to teaching fact mode so that their students might meet the average. Perkins sees trends in education: what he calls “elementitis” which he describes as learning mechanisms of a subject without ever putting the pieces together. All through this book the goals are to teach for understanding. Knowledge can be useful to solve other problems rather just useless facts. Advancing a student’s knowledge range of understanding goes beyond the facts given; it is developing insight into many important concepts so that they can make connections to form the bigger picture or the whole game. Students will achieve higher goals when they see why the facts are important, how this relates to their life and are able to connect those facts to form greater knowledge.
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Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
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Jerome Seymour Bruner
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Schunk, D. H. (2000) Learning theories. An educational perspective. (3rd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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Classical Conditioning Theory
1198 Words | 3 Pages
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
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1328 Words | 3 Pages
Through exploring multiple learning theories and reflecting on my own teaching beliefs, I have developed my own theory of learning. As I developed my theory, I wanted to consider what it takes to be a highly effective teacher. An effective teacher must have mastery of instructional strategies, classroom management, classroom curriculum design, and use assessments as feedback (Laureate Education, 2010a). By using a variety of instructional strategies, teacher’s can meet the learning styles of all the students in the classroom. Effective classroom management can lead to students feeling safe and more willing to take risks. When a student feels comfortable to take risk, then learning will increase and the students’ confidence will grow. Classroom management also creates order in the environment, which will allow effective learning to occur. By understanding curriculum, the teacher can target skills and causes learning to take place. Teachers need to deliberately plan lessons around standards and specific goals based on curriculum and the school’s mission (Marzano, 2010). Assessments need to be use to guide instruction and used as a “method for improvement and mastery,” (Marzano, 2010). While determining my own theory of learning, I believe that I need to consider what effective teachers demonstrate in the classroom.
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3013 Words | 7 Pages
In order to be an effective teacher there needs to be an understanding that we all learn differently, this means that no single teaching strategy is effective for all students/learners all the time. This makes teaching a complex process because you need to understand and meet the requirements of all of your learners. Students learn best when they aren’t asked to simply memorise information but when they form their own understandings of what is being taught. When a student has successfully learnt a new idea they are able to then intergrate this information with their previously learnt information and make sense of it. To be an effective teacher you need to work jointly with students to asses where they are at, be able to give feedback on how the student is going and ensure that they are understanding the lesson (Killen, 2013) According to Lovat and Smith (2003) students learning must result in a change in a student’s understanding of the information being taught. In order to show understanding they must be able to share this information with others and want to learn more (Killen, 2013). In order to have a deeper understanding of what is being taught they need to be aware of the relationship that exists between what they knew previously and the new information that is being learned (Killen, 2013).. Students need to be given goals that they can achieve in order to feel a sense of mastery over their own learning, this gives students motivation that they are able to complete tasks and to keep going.
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Pavlov’s classical conditioning is a learning process in which a substantial stimulus is connected with a common one; therefore, the significance of the common stimuli is heightened (Berger, 2011, 40). There are two necessary parts of classical conditioning which pertain to the first core concept of the nature-nurture development. The first deals with biology. Pavlov...
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In this course I experienced an important change in my beliefs about teaching; I came to understand that there are many different theories and methods that can be tailored to suit the teacher and the needs of the student. The readings, especially those from Lyons, G., Ford, M., & Arthur-Kelly, M. (2011), Groundwater-Smith, S., Ewing, R., & Le Cornu, R. (2007), and Whitton, D., Barker, K., Nosworthy, M., Sinclair, C., Nanlohy, P. (2010), have helped me to understand this in particular. In composing my essay about teaching methods and other themes, my learning was solidified, my knowledge deepened by my research and my writing skills honed.
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The overall essence of education or knowledge acquisition is reflected in an axiom by Confucius which says “Tell me, and I will forget; show me, and I will remember; but involve me, and I will understand. Back then, it was clear that learning was a comprehensive process which involves passionate exchanges between students and their teachers; unfortunately this is not the case in most modern classrooms. Instead of the expected bidirectional communication between learners and teachers, in the modern learning environment there is a unidirectional system which involves the teacher incessantly hurling facts at students who, due to their passive roles as mere receptacles, have fallen asleep or; in the case of “best” students are mindlessly taking notes. This leads to a situation where knowledge has neither been conferred nor acquired.
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Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learning

Fixed Ratio Schedule Training with Lab Rats