Human behavior is often a complex subject to study, and explain due to many factors (environmental, socio-economical, political, etc.) that affect the outcome of a behavior, which is also known as the Ecological Model (Edberg, 20013). As a result, many psychologists, philosophers, and sociologists, developed what is know as health behavior theories, for example, the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Planned Behavior/Theory of Reasoned Action (TPB/TRA), the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), and the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) to help better understand the process of developing behaviors and attitudes (Edberg, 2007). Shelby C. Borowski and Rachel B. Tambling applied one of these models to a current topic in modern society regarding human behavior in the article called “Applying the Health Belief Model to Young Individuals’ Beliefs and Preferences about premarital Counseling” (Borowski & Tambling, 2015), both gathered studies and data that determine how various factors will help shape behaviors …show more content…
towards premarital counseling (Borowski & Tambling, 2015).
The objective of this paper is trying to analyze how effective in terms of utilizing the model, and how much did it contribute to the grand scheme of learning health behaviors.
The Health Belief Model is “the oldest of the individual behavioral theories, and most widely used in public health” (Edberg, 2007, developed by Godfrey Hochbaum, Irwin Rosenstock, and Stephen Kegels (Edberg, 2007). This model is built to determine an individual’s behavior based on six different criteria or constructs: “perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits of an action, perceived barriers to
taking that action, cues to action, and self efficacy”, with cues to action and self efficacy being added for modifications (Edberg, 2007). Although, previous explorations into premarital counseling demonstrated adequate results representing positive outcomes for a lasting marriage, the idea of premarital counseling was not popular, unable to gather much success, and with minimal participation percentage by many could be due to limited amount of insights, and/or lack of judgment concerning individuals’ desires, preferences, and assumptions towards the topics for review (Borowski & Tambling). Preceding evidences pointed out mixed results for couples’ preferences for a good premarital counseling, these ranged from three to four sessions that would last approximately three hours compared to eight to nine sessions, to different topics for discussion, for instance, the five C’s, which comprise of “church, children, commitment, communication, conflict resolution” (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). Previous studies also showed race, gender, socioeconomic status often affect intentions to attend premarital counseling (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). Borowski and Tambling conducted research and analyses to provide new information to compare to prior conclusions. The setting of the study using the HBM theory was in New England at a university, a sample of young adults were selected through various promotions, for instance, Facebook, internet link, etc. (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). There has not been a great number of data regarding applying the HBM theory to factors that lead to participation of premarital counseling, for this particular study, the general belief that the focal point should be around individuals who are single or not ready to get married (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). The reason for recruiting young adults for this particular study was based on previous findings of attitudes toward premarital counseling, which had have developed before a couple enters the serious stage of the relationship, and attitudes would be likely to shift over the course of the relationship; therefore, the study needs to target individuals who are not ready to get married or in a serious relationship (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). The study used the four constructs of the HBM theory as guidelines to collect results for the study, various questionnaires were included as a survey for participants to fill out, for example, asking participants if there are any current problems that could lead to problems with spouse in the future for Perceived Susceptibility, a Likert scale was used to collect answers (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). The same method was used for the other three construct, results were gathered and categorized into statistical data. The study also measures the intention to participate; the same approach was used, by asking participants to answer a series of questions based on a Likert scale answers (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). The results from the data showed that a majority of participants were unsure about premarital counseling, but, one factor influenced the attitude of participating in premarital counseling was religion; highly religious participants were more likely to be a part of the counseling (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). Also noted, higher intentions to attend pre marriage counseling were based on professionalism, trustworthiness, and experience of the counselor (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). Several other contributing factors were also generated from the study: cost should be reasonable, a high amount of success rates, about three sessions, the setting of the program must also be convenient, etc. (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). The study mentioned a few major topics generated for discussion during the counseling process, they are: trust, conflict and resolutions, divorce, personality, children, etc. (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). Regarding the four constructs, correlated inquiries were done for each constructs, the findings revealed for each are: high perceived susceptibility indicates higher intention to participate in counseling programs, similar for perceived severity, high levels would link to higher intention, perceived barriers also shown high result equals to greater intention; inverse relationship can be assign for perceived barriers, higher levels for perceived barriers indicates lower intention for participation; another test called regression analysis was also done for perceived barriers and found that convenience was the leading factor in determining intention to participate (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). There have been numerous uses for HBM theory, presenting results that reflect on an individual’s choices to either engage or not engage in health decisions; the HBM theory used in this study help display factors that help determine and influence the intention and/or attitude in taking part of premarital counseling (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). By using different constructs as designs for conducting examinations and collecting data, the study was able to display different aspects of the results. Beside the ultimate objective, which was to see what would influence behaviors towards marriage counseling, other major factors such as race, gender, socioeconomic status also point out the rooted problem society is facing everyday (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). All of these circumstances eventually affect daily life necessities. This study contributes educating and promoting awareness of individuals’ shortcomings, and how they can have a much bigger impact in the long run. However, the study did have several restrictions such as gender bias, which affect the diversity of possible results; in addition to generalization based on the results; the study is also partly hypothetical, because of the authenticities of some of the questions (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). Borowski and Tambling agreed and suggested that future research should take a more direct approach, the target sample should be more accurate, and may be using a different theory model to assess and look deeper into an individual’s motivations for behavior change (Borowski & Tambling, 2015). In conclusion, the HBM theory explains multiple factors that contribute to an individual’s personal belief and attitude about taking actions towards healthy behavior. Borowski and Tambling’s research took previous findings into considerations, and developed a new strategy to obtain data in respects to preferences and attitudes about premarital counseling. Although provided useful clinical results, the experiment was not exempted from limitations and mistakes, for example, one brings generalizations for the population based on bias samples. The study was able to apply the HBM model to the selected sample, and collected proper data, yet failed to include other factors that could help produce a much more accurate result. Both authors acknowledged the flaws of their study, and recognized that a more appropriate health behavior model should be used for the next research, along with a different focal point and specific sample size.
DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2013). Health Behavior Theory for Public Health: Principles, Foundations, and Applications. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
A of his current state of health and lifestyle behaviours (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise, 2004). For example, the model explores 6 behavioural stages; pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and termination. These stages focus on the individual’s experience, behavioural changes and processes as opposed to an event which has determined a behaviour change. Evidently, the transtheoretical model determines that Mr. A is at the pre-contemplation stage (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Due to Mr. A experiencing this stage, he is not planning change to his current lifestyle choices. Although Mr. A is not planning changes in the foreseeable future, the transtheoretical model in conjunction with an education campaign can inform Mr. A about different behavioural stages that he may experience. However, understanding this behaviour change model of health cannot determine why Mr. A’s his current lifestyle and behaviour (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Fortunately, inclusion of maslow’s hierarchy of needs psychology theory (Donovan, Egger, Spark, 2005) used in conjunction with the transtheoretical model of health, can identify barriers that are stopping Mr A from actively using information from health education campaigns to change his behaviour (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise,
Human behavior is a vital component in the sustainment of health and the prevention of illness. For some decades now there has been an increasing attention to the contribution of psychological and social components to improving and changing health. Health specialists have used the help of models of behavior change in order to reduce health risks. Through all these years psychosocial models have been a leading influence in predicting and explaining health behaviors. The most accustomed are the social cognition models. A central principle of social cognition is that people’s social behavior is comprehended by examining their perceptions about their own behaviour
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
The Health Promotion model or theory is a middle-range theory developed by Nola Pender in 1975
The Transtheoretical Model is used to understand how individuals change health behaviors. Use of this model aids in developing interventions, appropriate for each stage of the change process. The model includes a total of six stages of change, which are: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). During the precontemplation stage, individuals have no intentions of taking action to change their behaviors within the following six months. During the contemplation stage individuals have an intention to change their behavior within the next six months. Individuals of the preparation stage, intend to take action to change the health behavior within the next 30 days. Action
2. Glanz, Karen (2008). Health Behavior and Health Education, 4th Edition; San Fransisco, Ca, John Wiley and Sons INC
...in order to show the participants that cooking at home is an easy task. This will increase their self-efficacy. During this program, participants will be trying to lose 2-10% of their body weight in 6-months’ time. By losing a little weight, they will see that they can achieve weight loss, and will continue to try and lose weight. The reinforcement construct refers to rewards or punishments someone gets for doing something. By going to every meeting, participants will be rewarded by small prizes. This will reward them for coming, and they will be more likely to return. Fact sheets, brochures, and a series of print materials will be used to teach the participants and motivate them to participate. By completing this program that has been based on the Social Cognitive Theory, participants will lose weight and learn about how to eat a healthy diet in their daily lives.
Accomplishing my task appeared straightforward when applying my attitudes, perceived control, and subjective norms to the Theory of Planned Behavior; initially I had all necessary aspects to initiate a lifestyle change. Before starting my regiment I had the belief that regular running leads to decreased weight and improves overall health. Health and appropriate body size are both characteristics I evaluate as desirable. Subjective cultural norms highlighting the value of appropriate weight, active lifestyle, and overall health influenced my motivation to comply to these standards. In this way beliefs as well as evaluations of the beliefs influenced my motivation to start running. Additionally my perception of behavioral control and sense of self-efficacy are generally high. Since I accomplished similar goals in the past I felt it could be done again. My attitudes, subjective norms, and my perceived control indicate I had the behavioral intention to make the change to run more frequently.
The current study for my internship with Dr. Joyce Many, aimed to examine the experiences of edTPA coordinators at institutions of higher education in Georgia, during an edTPA implementation year, and to explore how professional development or resources might meet the needs implied by these change facilitators’ stages of concern. The framework for the study embraces the Concerns-Based Adoption Model (CBAM), it is used to understand the change process. Why use the CBAM for this study? The Concerns-Based Adoption Model theorizes that professional development needs an implementation of curricular innovations that is directly related to facilitators’ and faculty members' stages of concern. Given the national trends in adopting the edTPA as a high stakes assessment, more information is needed to better understand how institutions conceptual framework and teacher educators’ concerns might inform the implementation process. Using the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, this study will extend the literature on how to support institutions during the edTPA implementation process (J. Many, personal communication, July 12, 2016).
The theory is complex throughout as four concepts, seven assumptions, and ten curative factors are discussed. The theory tends to describe multiple concepts, assumptions, and factors. The theory also predicts that these concepts, and factors impact the relationship of caring and need for a healthier behavior.
The constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior are attitudes, subjective norms, volitional control, and behavioral control. All of these constructs affect a person’s intentions. Attitudes are beliefs that someone has that place a value on an outcome of a behavior. It depends on what a person’s feelings are about the behavior. For example, if a person views eating healthy as a good thing and something they want to do, then they will hav...
UPenn, e. (n.d.). Health Behavior and Health Education. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 21, 2014, from http://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part4-ch15-organizational-development-theory.shtml
According to the Social Cognitive Theory, changing a behavior is a function of individual characteristics: a person’s sense of self efficacy about the new behavior, their confidence and overcoming barriers. The person’s behavioral capability, expectations and expectancies, their level of self-control and emotional coping ability; environmental factors: the social and physical environment surrounding individuals. The behavior of others (“modeling”) and the consequences of that behavior, which result in vicarious learning. The situation in which the behavior takes place, and perceptions of the situation by individuals. Reinforcements (negative or positive) that are given to individuals in response to the behavior; the interactive process of reciprocal determinism where a person acts based on individual factors and social/environmental cues, receives a response from that environment, adjust behavior, acts again and so on (Edberg, 2015). Ensuring that patients receive social skills training, self-efficacy boost, an educational component and vicarious learning is in alignment with the social cognitive theory. Unfortunately, there are certain regions that suffer from health and socioeconomic disparities that lead to extraordinarily poor health outcomes that would benefit from the implementation of the social cognitive
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.