The Status of Women in the Work Force After the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union marked the end of an era in which official ideology and state policy often masked the reality of citizens' lives. This contradiction was particularly acute for women, a group that the Soviet model of communism was intended to emancipate (Basu, 1995; Bystydzienski, 1992; Corrin, 1992; Einhorn, 1993; Millarand and Wolchik, 1994; Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994; Rueshchemeyer, 1994). Under the guise of Marxist-Leninist ideology, women were accorded an equal right to work and to participate in the building of socialism. The Soviet model, which was imposed to a greater or lesser extent on all of the Eastern European countries, was meant to embody this precept.
In order to mobilize women into the work force, the party-state provided numerous social programs--free day care, subsidized school supplies and clothing, guaranteed maternity leave, and nearly full employment. Women, however, were hardly emancipated through these programs. They were concentrated, with a few notable exceptions, in a "pink collar ghetto" of low wage and low prestige jobs and often given employment well below their educational qualifications. Moreover, the "emancipation" accorded them by state officials resulted in an extreme "double burden" (Basu, 1995; Bystydzienski, 1992; Corrin, 1992; Einhorn, 1993; Millarand and Wolchik, 1994; Nelson and Chowdhury, 1994; Rueschemeyer, 1994). They were expected to perform both paid and domestic labor, fulfilling most (or all) of the household and parenting duties without modern conveniences. These superwomen worked full-time jobs and then came home to prepare meals and clean...
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Bolsheviks entered the political world in 1917 with the ideas of deliberating women and making them equal to men as well as this idea of westernizing Russia. Based on the book, both ideas were closely associated. Women were seen as raw materials that can be used to transform. As a result, women who were already member of the Communists party were sent to the countryside to transform primitive women also known as babas and transformed them into Comrades, the free and knowledgeable women. These transformed women would then move to the city and work in factories and industrial workshop to westernize and industrialize Russia and that will symbolize women freedom and equality to men. Even though these women will have a much lower...
Today, nothing remains of the former social role of women. Nearly all professions are open to women. The numbers of women in the government and traditionally male-dominated fields have dramatically increased. More women than men earn bachelor’s degrees. Many women's groups still prevail and are major political forces. Although the two movements hoped to achieve different things and used different tactics, they still came together to gain women’s rights and have achieved more than anyone would have ever anticipated.
With this unfortunate circumstance, schools need to put a stop to bullying. Informing the school and the community on the issue of bullying is the first step in ending it. To continue, the next is to make rules that will prevent kids from wanting to bully other students. Also, creating an anti-bully committee and a bullying report office in schools will help reduce bullying. With cyber bullying being so difficult to detect, we inform parents and students about safe internet use and ask parents to monitor their child internet usage. Bullying is
Although bullying has always been a problem in schools, it has more recently become a bigger crisis with vicious consequences. “However it is defined, bullying is not just child’s play, but a terrifying experience many schoolchildren face everyday. It can be as direct as teasing, hitting or threatening, or as indirect as exclusions, rumors or manipulation” (Garrett 2). Most kids do not think certain actions are classified as bullying, yet they do not realize the severity of the way they treat their peers. What they may see as “joking around” can be viewed as them being a bully, and they may even be hurting someone’s feelings without realizing the effect that they have. This can then lead to school violence, which is a prevalent issue in today’s society. There are many causes to bullying and school violence and many effects as well. However, if dealt with properly, there are ways to solve these prevailing problems.
The role of a women in Pre Revolutionary Russia was one of servitude, especially for the women of the middle to lower class. This servitude usually consisted of spinning and weaving clothes, making candles, preparing food, cleaning the house, childbirth, child rearing, etc. etc. The women of the upper classes were free from most of these duties, except childbirth and once that was done, they were free to pursue their own pleasures. The Revolution “freed” women of these bonds, or it was supposed to. However, women have been in the work place for centuries, nn 1719, 21, and 71, Peter the Great, made it law that a woman found guilty of crimes would be sent to linen mills and industrial factories (Buckley, 1981:81-82). The early 20th Century saw an increase in women in the work force, going from three million to thirteen million
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Along with the Industrial transformation came increased chances for education. The increase in education led to more educate women like myself becoming more involved in the fight for women’s rights. (“The Women’s Rights Movement”) During this time period I have “won” in the sense that I have increased participation and awareness of Women’s suffrage and rights. In a sense, though, I have also lost. The corrupt government and economic system is still in control. Many businessmen are not following laws or respecting women’s rights. The government won’t aid me by passing more laws to protect
Public relations manages the communication and delivery of communication between an organization or individual and the public and according to some historians dates back to 1800 BC. The primary objective of public relations is to create a deliberate, planned communication strategy designed to enhance the image of a client, be it product, person, destination etc., and generate a positive public image while keeping the interest of the public at the forefront. This would include strategic management of competition and conflict management functions.
“Bullying is the use of force threat or coercion to abuse ,intimidate or, aggressively impose domination over others”(The Effects...1). Bullying may be caused because of race , religion , gender ,sexuallity ,and even apperance. Bullying can be done in different ways including verbal , physical , and cyber .’’bullying ranges from simple one-on-one bullying in which the bully may have one or more ‘’lieutenants’’. Who seem to be willing assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities. Bullying can happen anywhere from school to family and workplace, home , and neighborhood.
Bullying has affected many young children’s lives and is a growing issue around the world today. Bullying can be done in a variety of ways such as physical violence or just psychological violence. If you were to ask anyone if they like being bullied they would give you a big fat no. Bullying can lead to long-term effects on children as they grow up and get into the real world. Suicide is at the top of the list for deaths among teenagers as the result of bullying. Teens everywhere, in every school, are scared to come to school because they cannot face the nasty environment of name-calling and being pushed around. This type of environment isn’t just in schools either. With all the technology and social media websites, bullying can be done in many ways through the Internet. Popular sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr allow people to cyber bully other peers. People can post false information or even edit pictures and share them so that many people can see them. No matter if you want to believe it or not, bullying happens everywhere. It is sad to think about the innocent students being bullied because of reasons they can’t control. Bullying has been a growing issue for a variety of people and has affected the way we live in a negative way.
There are many different theories in the public relations field. This paper will discuss the day to day operations of public relations (PR). This will be followed by discussing each theory in depth. This will include the different types of PR followed by how each theory correlates with these day to day operations. PR is a varied field with many different components that have lasting effects on the company that they work for. The definition of PR practitioner according to “This is PR” is “the intermediary between an organization and all of its publics.”
A major key to solving this problem is educating young adolescents (National Middle School Association [NMSA], 2010) urges middle school educators to create safe, inclusive, and supportive environments for all students. Bullying is often the most difficult obstacle in reaching this goal. Therefore, if it can't be eliminated educators and adults must take every step possible to minimize it. Bulllying begins eleva...
36). According to Yin et al. (2012), in addition to managing problems or issues, the role of public relations (PR) employees is to help management to be informed and responsive to public opinion. Cutlip et al. defines PR as researching, conducting and evaluating, on a continuing basis, programs of action and communication to achieve the informed public understanding necessary to the success of an organization’s aims (p. 6). The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), generally considered to be the largest and foremost organizations of public relations professionals, adopted a definition in 2012 that simply says, “Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics” ("Organization for PR & Communication Professionals: About PRSA,"
One may ask, what is Public Relations? According to the PRSA (The Public Relations Society of America) Public Relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics. Oxfordictionary.com defines it as the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public. Public relations may involve an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news. The aim is to persuade to persuade the public, investors, partners, employees, and other stakeholders to maintain a certain point of view about it, its leadership, products, or even political decisions. With that being said public relations is not always respectable. Although the goal is to put out information to the public it also has its downfalls. The field of PR can be viewed as less than respectable due to its use of propaganda, ethics, and trickery.