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Sexuality in art history
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The Sixty Year Itch
In John Berger’s Ways of Seeing, Berger describes the presence of woman as an expression of their attitude towards themselves and how she will let others view/treat her. Berger simplifies this idea by saying “men act, women appear.” To elaborate on “men act, women appear.” Berger goes onto say, “Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at. This determines not only most relations between men and women but also the relation of women to themselves. The surveyor of woman in herself is male: the surveyed female.” Berger provides a very interesting example of this idea by looking back upon 18th century art; specifically oil paintings. In Berger’s words, “women in painting are there to feed an appetite, not to have any of their own.” He also discusses that the nude woman in the paintings are made to appeal to heterosexual men. And on top of this the painter is never painted; however, we say its safe to say, it was a man behind the brush. In that sense it is safe
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(sixty years after the image surfaced people can to recognize the iconic moment and the icon behind it). This iconic image was used in the original movie poster to promote The Seven Year Itch in 1955, and while the movie is mostly famous for the Marilyn Monroe meets subway grate scene with lots of leg, it is a movie where Monroe is being depicted as the sex appeal for her ogling downstairs neighbor. The way in which Ewell’s character depicts Monroe, demonstrates the lust and sexiness of a fantasy he has for her. In other movies, such as Some Like It Hot, and Gentlemen prefer blonds showed up again to play the part of an eager but innocent sex goddess. These movies showed her as an object to the desirous feelings that men
Harrison Bergeron is a short story that creates many images and feelings while using symbols and themes to critique aspects of our lives. In the story, the future US government implements a mandatory handicap for any citizens who is over their standards of normal. The goal of the program is to make everyone equal in physical capabilities, mental aptitude and even outward appearance. The story is focused around a husband and wife whose son, Harrison, was taken by the government because he is very strong and smart, and therefore too above normal not to be locked up. But, Harrison’s will is too great. He ends up breaking out of prison, and into a TV studio where he appears on TV. There, he removes the government’s equipment off of himself, and a dancer, before beginning to dance beautifully until they are both killed by the authorities. The author uses this story to satire
For example, Griselda Pollock is another prominent feminist art historian who studied women and social structure in relation to art and what that tells us. In her book Vision and Difference (1988) she reminds the reader that the omission of women in art history was not through forgetfulness, or even mere prejudice, but rather structural sexism that contributed to the perpetuation of the gender hierarchy (p. 1). She does not want to reinforce the patriarchal element of art history and often calls for purging biography and gender from art works to level the playing field. Other writers such as Laura Mulvey, who used psychoanalysis and film studies to explore the concept of the gaze in visual relationships (viewer, subject, artist) and Mary Garrard, who also utilized psychoanalysis and other criticisms to put forth a gender-based
Alice Neel's most talked about painting, a Self-Portrait of herself, shocked the world when she painted herself in the nude at the age of 80-years-old. Neel, a 20th Century American Portrait Artist, painted models for over 50 years before turning the attention to herself (Tamara Garb). Neel wasn't a pinup girl and had depicted herself as the complete opposite (Jeremy Lewison). Unlike Neel, women avoided self-portraits of themselves, and nude self-portraits barely made it to canvas (Tamara Garb). Because of these reasons alone, Neel's Self-Portrait attracted scrutiny (Jeremy Lewison). Though Neel declared the painting to be frightful and indecent (Ibid), it still directed its focus on femininity, and the challenges women had to endure in our
In this essay I’ll be exploring various concepts of women and will deeply criticise the way women are seen and portrayed through advertising. My primary resource I’ll be referring to throughout this essay is a book called ‘Ways of seeing’ by John Berger, which highlights the role women during the early renaissance and onwards. In addition to this I will explore the various beliefs of women from a wide range of secondary resources, and will include references from books, websites, and various images to help clarify my statements.
In the essay “Ways of Seeing” written by John Berger, Mr. Berger makes his attempt to inform an audience with an academic background that there is a subjective way that we see things all around us every day and based on our previous experiences, knowledge, and other things that occur in our lives, no two people may see or interpret something in the same way. In the essay Mr. Berger uses art as his platform to discuss that we should be careful about how people look at things. Mr. Berger uses rhetorical strategies such as ethos, pathos, and logos. These rhetorical strategies can really help an author of any novel, essay, or any literature to truly get the information they desire across to the audience in a clear and concise manner.
“Harrison Bergeron” a short story by Kurt Vonnegut Jr., takes place in a totalitarian society where everyone is equal. A man who tries to play the savior, but ultimately fails in his endeavors to change the world. Vonnegut short story showed political views on communism, which is that total equality is not good (and that equity might be better).
McKay’s uses the art of dance and fashion to allure the men and women. He chose to have the woman dancing sensually and half clothed, to capture everyone’s attention. By having the woman portrayed this way, it signifies her worth. Similarly, Rossetti uses art to objectify women, however, she uses the art of painting and fashion as well. “In an Artist’s Studio”, he objectifies the woman by painting her the way he sees her, not the way she actually is; In doing this, it is symbolizing that woman are controlled.
Over many years, society will change with the ways of the world. But, when the end of the world nears, in comes a new society. New laws might restrict people from the freedoms they used to have, or they stay exactly the same. In Fahrenheit 451 and Harrison Bergeron, the world does not change for the better. Instead, people are tricked into following strict rules and laws, yet are unknowing and happy. The main character in both stories see the wrong in their society, and attempt to fix it due to the sadness their society causes them. In both Fahrenheit 451 and Harrison Bergeron, in order for the society to grow and change, the main character has to be aware and upset instead of ignorant and happy.
Linda Nochlin in her article, “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” discusses the various aspects to this issue and believes that even though the legal battles of the feminist movement provided formal legal equality to women, too often, it does not ensure substantive equalities. The explanations to this problem can cover the spectrum from sexism to feminism. Nochlin rightly believes that perhaps, the true answer lies in the institutional problems that plague our society. As Nochlin points out, “as late as 1893, lady students were not admitted to life drawing at the Royal Academy in London, and even when they were, after that date, the model had to be partially draped.” The very fact that women artists were denied the right to paint the nude model which was considered critical to the success of any artist validates the point of institutional bias against women. To deny an artist the opportunity to develop proficiency in painting the nude is denying them the prospect of painting historical themes. Most women artists were left with no choice but to concentrate on painting everyday subjects like portraits and still-life. This was a great setback to
In the essay ‘the Suit and the Photograph’ Berger discusses August Sander's picture 'Youthful Farmer's which demonstrates three young fellows on their way to a move, and specifically Berger is occupied with their suits. The suit was generally new to laborers, as years prior it would not be something they could have managed. Berger discusses the physical character of a suit, and how in spite of the fact that molds may have changed, the physical character of a suit still remains. He analyzes the picture of the youthful agriculturists with another picture of a town band.
Being a women artist, displaying such an installation was not possible years back. Contrary to the opinions of many students new to the study of feminist literary Criticism, many feminists like men, think that women should be able to stay at home and raise children if they want to do so, and wear bras. Bringing such an art piece, reflection of her inner experiences or having sex in bed after having bad relationship could not be possible before. The main female characters are stereotyped as either “good girls” or “bad girls”. These classifications suggest that if a woman does not admit her male-controlled gender role, then the only role left her is that of a monster. Yet Emin’s confessional art- with its confidences of pregnancy, being raped, destructiveness of guilt, emotional stress- has become much common nowadays with feminist consciousness while in early generation, sharing such experiences lead to the destruction of women’s life. Her unmade bed, surrounded by such bric-bracs tells a story of a depressed, emotionally stressed women artist who asks for a sympathetic shoulder from the viewers by being a transparent soul. “For her British critics it [My Bed] expressed Emin’s sluttish personality and exemplified the detritus of a life quintessentially her own; it was, above all, confessional”, Cherry observes. Emin has limited the word ‘feminist; art practices have been the concerned of an early generation. This point seems to be confirmed by Emin herself, who declares to the discerning nature of her work in which she says that she decides to show either this or that part of the truth, which isn't unavoidably the whole story but it's just what she decides to gives us. As a self-motivated set of influences, feminism no longer titles a unitary or merging project infact it is now being the transformation just as feminist biases are perpetually subject to change. Whereas, looking at Tracey’s other work, Tent “Everyone I Have Ever
The way a women sees herself is that of a construct of men. A woman sees herself as a woman because society placed that title. The idea that is primarily generated by males, that a woman must look or act a certain way. In a short video by BBC titled, Feminine Beauty: A social construct? It highlights Simone de Beauvoir that others peoples expectations are what make a women, feminine. Beauvaoir states that “women are expected to strive for beauty,” this causes women to be seen as submissive and makes them seem less than capable of being near men’s standards. This falls into the image of a women and how she must because of history of them being passive. Society sets the rules that all females should be ready for the “male gaze” as mention in the video. They have to meet the expectations of being beautiful all the time and must have a certain figure to say the
The piece, “From Ways of Seeing” by John Berger, describes how a man’s actions are perceived and always focused on showing power. However a woman’s presence is opposite and that everything she does determines how people see her. Her choices and actions are what we go by to determine who the woman is. Whereas men want to be seen but women just want to be accepted (4). Aaron H. Devor in, “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender” argues that men and women both strive to obtain power (112). Devor shows how the means of how they obtain said power are vastly different and mirror the statements that Berger claims (114). Devor helps further our understanding of how we come to act the specific ways that are customary by divulging the ongoing thought process toward gender of children (109). Berger as well as Devor seem to agree on the topic of how the members of a gender act in society, the motive behind these actions are where differences between the writers
Throughout this essay it will be discussed how female representations affects society, what has changed, if has changed during the years. Representations of women were a crucial subject of discussion especially in the concepts of the gaze that often refers to women as objects of the active gaze. The gaze establishes relationships of power, representing different codes such as dominance and subjugation, difference and otherness (Sturken and Cartwright 2009: 111).
Art depicting women reflected this expectation of virtuousness – while art pieces featuring males, whose image as athletic, youthful embodiments of