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Research on impacts of different cultural backgrounds on communication
Transactional communication hybels and weaver 2004
How culture affects communication
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When it comes to public speaking, there are varieties of models that can be applied. One of these models is the transaction model. This model improves on the deficiencies of the interactional model. The basic premise of the interaction model is that individuals can be able to send and receive messages at the same time (Velentzas and Broni, 2014). As opposed to the interaction model where individuals alternate roles of either being the sender or the receiver of the message and the meaning of the message, being sent from sender to receiver in the transactional model the meaning is co-created by both people taking part in the interaction. In the transaction model individuals are simultaneously engaging in the process of exchange if information.
These are the rules within which people are allowed to communicate. Some of these rules are the way people should greet each other, how they should apologize etc. In the social context, we get to learn that it is not just social reality that shapes communication but also the communication itself can shape social reality. We also get to understand that not only does communication help people exchange messages but also helps create relationships among the communicating parties. Culture also shapes the transactional model of communication. Through culture, people tend to identify themselves in terms of class, race, religion etc. People who are in the same cultural set up can communicate better than those from different cultural settings can. Cultural patterns are shaped by communication and therefore influence the communication pattern of individuals (Velentzas and Broni,
This is based on history that exists between the two communicating parties. The way a person talks to a stranger is different from the way a person will talk to a stranger. When communicating with strangers manners take a center stage in the communication process. The type communication is greatly affected by the type of relationship that exists between the communicating parties. Communication between a boss and his employee is different from the kind of communication that takes place between the employee and his fellow employees. There has been an argument that thee transactional model gives an opportunity for there to be a lot of noise sin the communication process. This is because of the communication process since it allows many people to talk at the same time hence the goals of the communication process may not fulfilled. In addition, since there is no need for a verbal response, the sender may not be satisfied that the receiver got the message (Velentzas and Broni,
Reflect on everyday life conversations, it can relate to you, the audience Now this leads to, are we really communicating effectively? With fragmented words, as we do with our cellphone texts.
Pages 261- 267. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.10.006. Cameron, D. (2001). The 'Case Working with spoken discourse and communication. London: Thousand Oaks & Co. Carson, C., & Cupach, W. (2000).
Answer: Social background can affect relationships and the way people communicate. If a person is
Not a day goes by that an individual does not interact with another person, either by phone or in person. There will always be some interaction between two or more people. This interaction will bring about many thought process and emotions that will give the receiver a cue to respond with verbal and nonverbal messages.
This theory has been subject to many articles and studies in the communication and social departments. Indeed, studying this theory can help us understanding human relations in interpersonal communication. Each of us has been one day confronted to uncertainty, whereas in initial encounters, or moving to a new a new place, or beginning a new work.
Throughout the semester, we have studied numerous communication theories. Their purpose is to help understand exactly what happens when we interact with others. We might not necessarily agree with all of the theories, but the idea is to develop tools to evaluate situations we may encounter. Often, when the theories are explained in the readings or lecture, it is beneficial to apply the concepts to a "real life" situation. Using this approach, I will use a situation that many of us have faced, or will face, and analyze it according to a particular communication theory.
Theories of Communications, is a course that allowed me to further gain a far better perspective and has also broadened my understanding and knowledge of some of the major theories. I appreciate the fact, that during the course of the semester, this class really did an admirable job introducing me to a variety of well known and widely studied theories in the communication feild. One of the biggest things I took out of this class, was how the class impled me to learn how to apply some of the theories to my life in a practical way through some of the class activities, readings, group work, presentations, and assignments. In the following paper, there will be three main things I will be covering. I will start off by introducing all members of my family, and describing a little bit about them individually. I will then be talking about the five theories I selected that I can applyto myself and my family. I will then describe each of the five theories, give an example of my own families experiance that aplies to the theories, and give an analysis of the experiance using the theory. And lastly, I will share with you my conclucion, which will conclude basically all of the things that I learned through writing this paper.
One’s career, school life, and even socializing are affected by communication. If you do not know how to communicate, you probably do not have many friends. Communication has been used since the days of the cavemen. When the cavemen learned to communicate they greatly increased their hunting potential. When they learned to communicate on the hunt and before the hunt, they caught much more game then when they were just randomly running after the animals with spears. In school, if teachers and students could not communicate well, how would anything ever get done? In a business, communication is the most important ingredient. Working at a corporation at a higher level, you deal with hundreds of important emails, meetings, phone calls, and other forms of communicating with your co-workers.
According to the communication theory, Satir believes that unhealthy relationships between family members result from a distinctive pattern of communication with troubled families, in addition to the correlation between self-esteem and communication. Communication patterns display what is going on in the relationships in the family. If there is conflicted communication between members, it can be observed in a high level of disagreements. According to Satir, (1988), “ As I began to understand these patterns more fully, I saw that self-esteem became easily hooked when one had not developed a solid, appreciative sense of self-worth” (p.80). The four patterns of communications are “placated, blame, compute, and distract” (Satir, 1988, p.84). A positive attitude in self-assessment can build self-esteem. When people have low self-esteem, they approach the problem in negative ways.
To begin, the expectancy violation theory was developed to predict and explain the impact of unexpected communication behaviors (Burgoon & Walther, 1990). The founder of the expectancy violation theory, Judee Burgoon (1993) states “expectancy violations exert significance on people’s interaction patterns, on their impressions of one another, and on the outcomes of their interactions” (p. 40). In other words, Burgoon concluded from various experiments that people judge or evaluate communication with others in a negative or positive manner, based on their individual expectation of the interaction and their judgement of the communicator. When people do not act in accordance with their expectations, one turns to evaluating their communication behavior, for it can be verbal or nonverbal as well as how this behavior makes them feel.
There are several social factors affecting our interpersonal interactions. Culture, as the most important factor, plays a significant role on people’s daily interactions and behavior by defining the norms and values in a society (). As the functionalist view states, all the cultural norms are made to maintain social stability and equilibrium (). Many cultural differences, despite being minor, have an exclusive effect on the social order. For example, how a person responses to a compliment highly depends on the culture he follows. As an immigrant coming from the Persian ethic subculture, the general way of replying to compliments in the Canadian culture seemed remarkably different to me.
Therefore, it is essential to study nonverbal and verbal communication Nonverbal communication is all forms of communication other than words themselves, which includes “body motions; vocal qualities; and the use of time, space, and even smell” (Neuliep, 2011, p. 269). On the other hand verbal communication or language “consists of symbols in the form of spoken or written words (Wood, 2014, p. 67). Thus cultures have different representations of symbols and what one culture interprets another may define or view differently. Communication is closely related to culture because communication expresses and alters culture. In a culture you learn behaviors and acceptable ideologies. This can be seen in verbal and nonverbal communication. For example, the tone of your voice is based on culture. Without communication you are unable to establish cultural differences. Your own culture directly shapes how one communicates, such as when it is appropriate to make eye contact. We are not born knowing when and how we should speak; this is a learned behavior that is taught by interaction with others. This is not an easy task because nonverbal signals differ from culture to culture. Charles Braithwaite stated, “One of the fundamental components of cultural and linguistic competence is knowing how and when to use silence as a communication tactic” (Neuliep, 2011, p. 64). Before one can communicate effectively one must understand the context in which the culture exchanges information. One must have a working awareness of how each society conveys meaning, hence high vs. low context cultures. According to the Central Michigan University text, organizational dynamics and human behavior (2009), to become a successful international manager one must develop “cross-cultural skills”. One part of the skill set involves the comprehension of the difference between high-context and low-context
So in conclusion, Transactional Communication is happening for me every waking moment, with or without a person to talk to. I find as long as I have someone in my thoughts or around my energy, we’re communicating.
“DA-DA!” Who would have known that a simple word like that could be so powerful and strong enough to make a grown man like myself cry. In every job setting, a great way to represent ourselves is through communication. Communication is stemmed from the act of speech, in which plays a huge role, not only at a workplace but in reality as well. Speech is simply a higher form of communication between two or more people. Great speech practices may enhance a person’s opportunity of moving up within the company he or she works for, as well as venturing off to higher positions in a professional field. Having the ability to speak well is closely related to the ability to listen well. Speaking well in a professional setting can cause one to stand out over others more and help interpret a great first impression of who that person is.
One of the main aspects in communicating is listening. An effective listener is one who, not only comprehends how the speaker feels but, also understands what they are stating. Building a strong connection between the speaker and the listener is one of the first steps to become a good listener. By building this connection speakers should first be in an environment with open minded listeners, it makes them feel more comfortable to state their opinions, feelings and ideas. Listeners should avoid being judgmental. The individual does not have to agree with the ideas, values or opinions of the speaker; however, to fully understand them, one must put aside their criticism. Speakers will believe that they can trust the listeners with their information when they know that they will not be judged. Miscommunication happens frequently, listene...