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The political landscape of china flashcards
Political life in China
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The Political Turmoil of China From 1911 to 1927
There were many reasons why China slipped into political instability
or turmoil between 1911 and 19287. There reasons include the
questionable leadership of Yuan Shih Kai, the presence of the
warlords, the
One of the reasons was that questionable leadership of Yuan Shih Kai.
When Yuan took over control from Sun Yat Sen as the President, he
tried to revert to the monarchical system of rule. From 1912 until
1915, he ruled as a military dictator with the support of the army.
His rule was already blemished with resistance and that demonstrated
that the people did not quite accept him as the leader of China. But
when proclaimed himself as the emperor, he lost the support of the
army. He was eventually forced to abdicate. His death did not the help
China either as his death deprived China a prominent leader who could
have unified and strengthened China. Hence, Yuan’s questionable
leadership and death enabled many political factions to jostle for
power in China. This explains why China was in political instability
and turmoil during this time.
Another reason was that China was divided by the presence of the
warlords. When Yuan died, the warlords, who were evenly powerful,
assumed control in their region. China became fragments of territories
ruled by the warlords. Anarchy became prevalent throughout this period
because many of these warlords did not have the capability to unite or
stabilize China. During this period, warlords plundered their
territories and fought amongst each other. Consequently, no particular
warlord was able to unify and stabilize China.
A third reason was continued intervention of the foreign powers. Since
the 19th century, the West had intervened in the affairs of China,
forcing China to open up its ports and trade with them. Their
exploitation caused many people to think lowly of the central
government. Their continued presence after 1911 revolution caused a
lot of resentment amongst the people. This caused the Chinese to stage
protest movements, such as the May Fourth Movement.
The fall of the Shang dynasty ended the river valley society in China, and made way for the beginning of developed civilization in China. After the collapsed Shang dynasty came the Zhou dynasty, which began in 1029 BCE and flourished until 700 BCE, but it did not officially collapse until 403 BCE. Following that came the period of political disintegration and unease, known as the Era of the Warring States, from 402 BCE to 222 BCE. Finally, the Qin dynasty arose in 221 BCE and brought order back to China, however this did not last, and the dynasty fell in 207 BCE. Revolts over the Qin emperor’s death broke out, and it was the rise of the Han dynasty that restored China’s political
There were plenty political continuities for the Chinese from 100CE to 600CE. One political goal that China had is that protection was a must. Protection was important because China has been in battles many of times. For an example in 221 CE to 222 CE there is the battle of Xiaoting where Wu defeats Shu. For protection purposes the Chinese had built a structure known as The Great Wall of China. This is considered a political conti...
During 221 BC, China went through a time called the Warring States Period. Emperor Shi Huangdi rose to power during this time and defeated his enemies and consolidated rule in China. Emperor Shi Huangdi was the first person to unify China in all of history. The emperor was able to use legalist policies to increases his power over his people. Shi Huangdi philosophy of legalism says that all people are evil, and harsh laws must be made to keep them in line. If people are left alone, they will act badly. During the Warring States Period
Success, as defined by the Oxford English dictionary, is the prosperous achievement of an objective. (Oed.com 1968) Conferring to this definition, the 1949 Chinese revolution was certainly a successful revolution. The communist party of China (CCP) was incredibly successful in its attempt in replacing the bourgeoisie dominated nationalist government – The Kuomintang (KMT) - with a proletariat class lead communist government. However, whether the achievement of such objective proves to be prosperous for China and its peoples requires further analysis. Ever since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the legitimacy of the revolution of which it was built upon has perennially been in question. For example, in a 1999 issue of the
Immigration, the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. Throughout the United States’ history, immigrants faced various challenges and especially after 1880. Most immigrants moved to achieve the American dream of having a better life and pursuing their dreams. But, this experience as they moved, was different for every immigrant. Some lives improved while others did not. Immigrants such as Catholics, Italians, and the Chinese were not welcomed into America in the late 19th century and early 20th century because of their differences in beliefs and cultures.
Most of China was ruled by Chiang Kaishek, a military dictator. The rest of China was ruled under communism by Mao Zedong. Chiang Kaishek aimed to modernise the railways, the postal services. and the telecommunications industry. In addition, powerful foreign companies.
Shanghai in the 19th and early 20th century was a unique city. The combination of its status as an entrepôt, the complexity of its society, and the very existence of the International and French concessions all contributed heavily to the difficulty of protecting law and order within the city. The focus here is on the political and civic; the French Concession is not a major object of concern, as it was subject to many of the same vicissitudes and issues as the International Settlement, and differs only slightly in the path it took to handle them. The factors that most heavily influenced the law and order of Shanghai, therefore, were extraterritoriality, the international settlement and its governing body, and the coexisting criminal justice systems.
...from one end by declining trade due to war and from the other by citizens, angry that their taxes had to fight the wars. The economic problems made finding war funding hopeless while the internal conflicts constantly pushed the fragile central government.
The Qing Dynasty prospered well into the 20th century despite the numerous problems the administration faced. However, during the early days of the 20th century, civil disorders continued to grow in such unmanageable factions that the administration was pushed to do something about it. The high living standards of the previous century had contributed to a sharp increase in China’s population, there was approximately 400 million people living in China around the nineteenth century. This spike increased population density, it also created a surplus of labour shortages, land shortages, inadequate food production and several famines. As an attempt for a solution, Empress Dowager Cixi proclaimed a call for proposals for reform from the generals and governors. There were three reform movements between 1860-1911, “ the Qing court and Chinese provincial officials had tried to adapt a wide range of Western techniques and ideas to China’s proven needs: artillery, ships, the telegraph, new schools, factories, chambers of commerce and international law” (Spence, 234). The first reform being the Self-strengthening Movement the second was the Hundred Days Reform and the last is regarded as the Late Qing reform. These three reforms were similar in the fact that the main objective was to strengthen China. However, there were multiple reasons for the failed plans of the reforms. Analyzing certain individuals and events during the late Qing dynasty will help determine if the Manchus would have been viable leaders for modern China.
China has been ruled by the Communist Party ever since. It was the events between 1946 and 1964 that strengthened communism in China. At the end of World War II, the Nationalist Party (GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) raced for power in China. The chairman of the Communist Party was Mao Zedong and their army was known as the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The Nationalist’s were led by Chiang Kai-shek and their army was the Kuomintang.
China’s ruling party at the time was the Kuomintang (KMT). They had toppled the Qing emperor, but they were unable to truly unite the country. In 1923, the KMT and the CCP briefly allied to defeat the warlords in Northern China, but this was not an alliance that we meant to last; the KMT leader Chia...
The Han Dynasty, the amazing Chinese era to have said to unified China for over 400 years old. This era in China’s history began in 206 B.C when a rebel armies rose up against the Qin army. One rebellion, led by Chen Sheng and Wu Kuang was later joined by Xiang Liang, Xiang Yu, Ying Bu, and Peng Yue joined forces with Liu Bang. The people of the Qin Dynasty were unhappy under the rule of Qin Shihuang who was ran his empire with an iron fist. His rule was absolute and disagreeing was punishable by death, though Emperor Qin was the one who to end the Warring States as well as complete the conquering of China in 221 B.C, thus expanding the Chinese state. After the takeover, Liu Bang took the name as Emperor of China and changed his given name to Emperor Gaozu and the Qin laws were abolished.
people on to the side of the CCP. The CCP’s victory was also down to
The 1911 Revolution kicked out the Qing Dynasty and broke the barriers to different developments in China. However, the 1911 Revolution has only provided a framework of a republic and made changes in some particular aspects related to immediate problems and difficulties in society. Hence, the relationship between the revolution and the subsequent development of China was very weak. On one hand, I do not agree with the latter part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution brought new problems to China. The conflicts and problems that China suffered in the early/ mid 1910s were mainly due to the weakness of the military force, conflicting political organizations and disorder in society. On the other hand, I agree with the first part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution did not bring peace to China afterwards. In the following paragraphs, I am going to focus on explaining the reasons of emerging new problems in China and also illustrate my points on the factors of the 1911 Revolution which could not bring in peace to China related to the conditions of the country.
The main reason for the creation of the Ming Dynasty was the collapse of the