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Differences between qualitative and quantitative research
Principles of quaNTItative research
Differences between qualitative and quantitative research
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It is very important to find the appropriate literature related to the research before starting it. It will be useful to know the previous articles related to research and their results. This will help us in understanding existing techniques and their drawbacks in a better way, so that we can improvise those techniques or overcome the drawbacks with new techniques in our research.
There are two types of research 1) Qualitative Method and 2) Quantitative Method
In our research, we are implementing the quantitative method.
Quantitative Method:
Quantitative method is a method where data can be reduced to numbers or numerical values which is known as numerical analysis. The researcher needs to have a proper plan and data should be collected according to it. The main goal of this method is to develop and employ mathematical models, hypothesis related to our research. %the concerned phenomena%\cite{ashley}. Quantitative method has the following steps:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Develop theories and hypothesis for the expected results.
\item Develop methods for measuring the data.
\item Data collection
\item Data analysis and extraction of results
\item Application of results.
\end{enumerate}
Data collection:
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In order to separate the finger vein sample from background, we have to trace each column of finger vein sample to find the outer bound of the finger using the method presented in [10] [<-v1]. This method will detect both upper and lower bounds of the finger vein. Next, we determine the center of finger vein by calculating the midpoint with upper and lower bounds. We then find the rotation and translation parameters based on the attained finger vein sample by matching it to the original image reference axis [3]
12). These are the most common methods that are being used. The difference between qualitative and quantitative methods concerns how the data are collected, where basically qualitative data focus on words while quantitative focus on numbers (Denscombe, 1998, p. 173-174).
Research can be quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research is objective and involves measuring the phenomena under investigation. Qualitative research is subjective, explores experiences and feelings, and involves the recording of phenomena that cannot easily be quantified (Toates, 2010, pp. 5-6). Both are empirical since they involve data collection (OU, n.d.).
On the other hand, Quantitative research refers to “variance theory” where quantity describes the research in terms of statistical relationships between different variables (Maxwell, 2013). Quantitative research answers the questions “how much” or “how many?” Quantitative research is an objective, deductive process and is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables with generalized results from a larger sample population. Much more structured than qualitative research, quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys, personal interviews and telephone interviews, polls, and systematic observations. Methods can be considered “cookie cutter” with a predetermined starting point and a fixed sequence of
Quantitative research may be seen as the less contentious of the two because it is more closely aligned with what is viewed as the classical scientific paradigm. Quantitative research involves gathering data that is absolute, for example numerical data so that it can be examined as unbiased as possible. The main idea behind quantitative research is that it is able to separate things easily so that they can be counted. The researcher generally has a clear idea of what is being measured before they start measuring it, and their study is set up with controls. Qualitative research on the other hand is a more subjective form of research, in which the research allows themselves to introduce their own bias to help form a more complete picture. Qualitative research may be necessary in situations where it is unclear of what is exactly being looked for in a study, while quantitative research generally knows exactly what it is looking for. Questionnaires and surveys are quantitative socio-legal research, because it is the collection of numerical data, or data that can be easily being turned into a numerical form. In terms of analysing quantitative data, Excel is the b...
Quantitative research uses a deductive reasoning also known as top to bottom or (top down approach) starting with a theory, then the hypothesis, followed by observation and finally confirmation , going from the general to the more specific. Quantitative methods use numbers and statistics to show the results of the research exercise and mainly are concerned with mathematics and statistics. In quantitative research there are levels of measurement being firstly nominal which are names of things followed by ordinal sequence of things, interval where the sequence has equal distance between each item, and ratio where there is a true zero (Alston & Bowles, 2003, p. 7-9).
American Statistical Association published Leveraging Statistics with Computer Science to Transform Science and Society in 2014. The primary author, Cynthia Rudin, explains how statistical analysis benefits different scientific fields using computers to collect Big Data, gathering large amounts of data pertaining to the specific topic, and do computations on the gathered data. This analysis helps the research of all disciplines such as biological sciences, healthcare, and civic infrastructure. Rudin focuses not only on statistical analysis but also by enticing the next generation to consider being a statistician, a very important job that helps all fields grow. Rudin saw that statistical analysis has positively impacted many fields and sees the possibility for it to continue changing the world.
Quantitative research involves the collection and converting of data into numerical form to enable statistical calculations be made and conclusions drawn. It provides a measure of how people think, feel or behave and uses the statistical analysis to determine the results. However, this measurement results in numbers, or data, being collected, which is then analyzed by using quantitative research methods (Byrne, 2007).
Another theoretical problem is, researcher often faced the dilemma of, “Does the use of quantitative and qualitative research approaches in a research project mean one is combining the methods, or the methodologies?” Sandelowski (2000), has suggested in his paper that the key difference between using the terms qualitative and quantitative. Bryman (2006) claimed that rather than implying a mixture of more than one research approach, the term combined or mixed may offer some initial clarification for the researcher that more than one research style is being employed. Therefore, it is also important for researcher to consider the theory of using the combined methodologies considering the warranted of the broader rules and principles that will govern a research method.
Title The title should be specific and indicate the problem of research project. It is addressed using keywords that will be helpful in literature reviews in the future. Abstract
Quantitative studies are primarily numbers based. They deal with large cohort groups as well as analyze large amounts of data. “A quantitative researcher typically tries to measure variables in some way, perhaps by using commonly accepted measures of the physical world (e.g., rulers, thermometers, oscilloscopes) or carefully designed measures of psychological characteristics or behaviors (e.g., tests, questionnaires, rating scales)” (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, p. 94).
Quantitative methods in the social sciences are an effective tool for understanding patterns and variation in social data. They are the systematic, numeric collection and objective analysis of data that can be generalized to a larger population and seek to find cause in variance (Matthews and Ross 2010, p.141; Henn et al. 2009, p.134). These methods are often debated, but quantitative measurement is important to the social sciences because of the numeric evidence that can be used to drive more in depth qualitative research and to focus regional policy, to name a few (Johnston et al. 2014). Basic quantitative methods, such as descriptive and inferential statistics, are used regularly to identify and explain large social trends that can then
Qualitative and quantitative researcher’s exhibited conflicting ways of approaching a research. Some researchers prefer qualitative over quantitative and vice-versa. Also, it is common for qualitative and quantitative to be used together in a research. But, both methods when carried out correctly provide good research. Plus, both methods have their own unique differences and characteristics. In this paper I will define three of these characteristics in a quantitative and qualitative research design and discuss and compare their differences. (Smith & Davis, 2010)
On the other hand, quantitative research allows you to test hypothesis derived from theories, associated with the issues being investigated. It is less flexible, as there are standardized procedures and techniques for collecting, organizing and analyzing the data (Kuada, 2012).
Striating from the research idea to the culmination of the findings, the research process entails many segments, all of which are imperative. By choosing the research methodology, the researchers can formulate the path to be used in conducting the study and reporting the findings. The methodology helps in the search of literature, development of research questions and the creation of the most suitable study design. It also assists in the interpretation of the results and the publication of the findings in journals.
To achieve the research objectives the process of research must be carried out by certain principles and to use appropriate methods. It is very important that the methods used to obtain the desired results, and this starts to clearly define the objectives and what we need to know, and also by choosing the methods and tools to help us and to ease the process. (Kumar, 2008)