The Action of an Enzyme
Introduction
The breakdown of wastes in liver cells produces hydrogen peroxide
which is poisonous. This must be removed if the cell is to remain
unharmed.
Method
1. Label the test tubes A, B, C, and D. label the staining dishes B,
C, and D.
2. Put 5cm3 of hydrogen peroxide in each test tube. Be careful
-hydrogen peroxide is dangerous.
3. Put two cubes of raw liver into another test tube and put this in
the water bath (set at boiling) for 2 minutes.
4. Use forceps to remove the cubes from the test tube. Place one cube
on the staining dish B. Place the second cube in the mortar.
5. Grind the boiled cube (add a little water if necessary). Put the
paste on staining dish C (use a glass rod if necessary). Wash the
pestle and mortar.
6. Grind one raw cube in the mortar. Put the paste on staining dish D.
7. Put the remaining, uncooked cube of liver in test tube A; the
boiled cube in B: the boiled liver paste C and the raw liver paste in
D. Work quickly so that the liver is added to each tube more or less
at the same time. Start the stop clock at once.
8. After a suitable time interval, measure in centimeters and record
the height of the froth in each tube.
Results
Tube treatment of liver height of froth (cm)
A raw solid cube 10.5cm
B boiled solid cube 11cm
C boiled ground paste 9.5cm
D raw ground paste 10.4cm
Conclusion
A firm conclusion is not applicable to this experiment.
Cells can break down hydrogen peroxide because hydrogen peroxide is
poisonous and is a product when the liver breaks down waste therefore
enzymes (catalase) must be made in order to deal with it.
When the enzyme catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide, oxygen gas is
5. Two or more samples may be applied to each plate if they are kept
...imary stain and not pick up the counterstain. Other human errors could have affected the results such as not inverting the plate before putting it into incubation would not allow for bacterial growth. Not pipetting the tube up and down to mix the bacteria that settled at the bottom of the tube before starting the Gram Stain would not allow for an accurate reading because there wouldn’t be many bacteria on the slide. Passing the slide over the bunsen burner too many times, hence killing the bacteria and not allowing for a Gram Stain. If this experiment had to be redone, one improvement would be to allow for more that one plate without a point deduction. Unexpected human errors might interfere with person’s results. Having more than one plate will allow for more accuracy in the results or allow for a person to determine were they went wrong during the experiment.
the gain or loss of water when samples of the tissue are placed in a
9. Obtain a second sample with a sterile applicator stick and smear over an unpunctured section of the fruit.
The bilirubin in the liver is transported across the hepatic cell membranes, where it binds to ligandin a hepatic protein for the process of conjugation. An enzyme in the liver conjugates bilirubin, which converts it to water-soluble bilirubin pigments that can be excreted into the bile and exit the body. Bilirubin pigments which are not excreted from the gut can be assimilated back into the circulation as unconjugated bilirubin. This process primarily recycles the bilirubin, which is also known as enterohepatic recirculation. Thus, neonates with reduced conjugation or excretion of bilirubin are at immense risk of acquiring
The liver secretes bile in two stages; in the initial stage the hepatocytes produce a secretion containing large amounts of bile acids, cholesterol metabolism and other organic constituents that are discharged into the bile canaliculus, that then flow into terminal bile ducts, and finally to the hepatic duct and common bile duct, from which it is emptied directly into the duodenum or diverted through the cystic duct into the gallbladder. In the second stage of bile secretion, the epithelial cells of the bile duct, cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via the release of an aqueous solution of bicarbonate (Fitz,
The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH. Most enzymes function efficiently over a narrow pH range. A change in pH above or below this range reduces the rate of enzyme reaction. considerably.
Observations: Liver and Potatoes will be placed in hydrogen peroxide in order to observe the reactions due to the enzyme, catalase, found in both.
== § Test tubes X 11 § 0.10 molar dm -3 Copper (II) Sulphate solution § distilled water § egg albumen from 3 eggs. § Syringe X 12 § colorimeter § tripod § 100ml beaker § Bunsen burner § test tube holder § safety glasses § gloves § test tube pen § test tube method = == = =
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
4. Put each group of potato discs in one of the 6 test tubes and watch
Researchers experimented with enzyme activity with potato extract. Researchers will test enzyme activity by increasing and decreasing pH levels, lowering and increasing temperature, and substrate concentration effects. In the first experiment, researchers hypothesized that different pH levels would change how much Benzoquinone is created and how the enzymes function at neutral pH levels rather than higher and lower levels. Researchers used potato extract and different levels of pH to test their hypothesis. In addition, researchers questioned at what temperature does the greatest amount of potato extract enzyme activity take place in?
Volume of substrate used Continuous Yes Type of enzyme Discontinuous Yes Overall mass of piece of meat Continuous No Type of substrate used Discontinuous Yes Temperature of substrate Continuous Yes pH of substrate Continuous No -- Concentration of substrate used Continuous Yes The independent variable I have chosen, or the one to be changed throughout the experiment will be 'the concentration of substrate used', which will range from 0.25M to 1.25M with increments of 0.25M. With reference to the table above, it has been chosen, as it is continuous (i.e. it has a numerical value of some sort and this can be altered) so the results can facilitate a graph.
Food is then moved to the small intestine, which is the primary site of digestion by enzymes. Food continues to travel along the small intestine by peristalsis. To aid in the digestion of lipids—or fats—bile is secreted by the liver. It emulsifies—blends together— lipids and increases enzyme efficiency, and at the same time, it also increases surface area. The remnants are excreted via the rectum and anal sphincters after passing through the long intestine, which mainly reabsorbs water.
If a person in a lab is going to look at several blood samples. This person sees that all of the ...