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Precision agriculture; an ever growing technology
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Background
Agricultural methodology and process has been improved and benefitted with new technologies. Precision Agriculture (PA) definition is evolving with technology development. Most precise definition may be “The application of technologies and agronomic principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production for the purpose of improving crop performance and environmental quality”[1]. PA is conceptualized by a system approach to re-organize the total system of agriculture towards a low-input, high-efficiency and sustainable agriculture[2]. As new technologies are emerging, they are also converging which has opened new domains for development is PA. Mainly two key technologies which benefited PA, namely Global Positioning System(GPS) and Geographical Information System(GIS). Furthermore shrinking size of electronic components, mobile computing, advancement in data processing, enhanced communication techniques, Computer vision, Machine learning, advanced control systems and automation has drifted PA to new horizon.
Crop production input optimization is one of the fundamental domain of precision agriculture. It can help manage crop production more efficiently and effectively which directly relates PA with the term sustainability. Use of fertilizers can be optimized with technologies of PA which results in minimization of use of chemicals. Thus Precision agriculture helps in sustaining environment by reducing input of chemicals in natural resources.
Spatial and temporal variables which significantly effects agricultural productions can be monitored and forecasted using PA techniques. Generally two approaches are use to manage variabilities: map-based ...
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...hnologies for on-the-go detection of macro-nutrients in cultivated soils. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 70 (2010) 1–18,
Figure 1: Retrieved from:www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:Human_sustainability_confluence_Diagram.png
Figure 2: Retrieved from:www.cema-agri.org/page/precision-farming-0
Figure 3: Retrieved from: Mousazadeh H, A technical review on navigation systems of agricultural autonomous off-road vehicles. Journal of Terramechanics 50 (2013) 211–232,
Table 1: Retrieved from: Gray K, Obstacle detection sensor technology. In: Proceedings of the ASAE conference in automation technology for off-road equipment, Chicago, Illinois, USA; July 26–27, 2002. p. 442–50.,
Table 2: Retrieved from: Adamchuk VI,Hummel JW, Morgan MT,Upadhyaya SK , On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 44 (2004) 71–91,
Imagine that your car could detect hazardous roads before you could sense it? A feature that provides this type of protective driving exists within European cars. This valuable safety feature that is offered in European cars i...
By implementing new farming techniques provided with the new technological advances in machines we can see abundant harvest in even the poorest third world countries. For example, the Green Revolution has already showed admirable progress in the northern part of India ever since it took start in 1950. By 1997, northern India increased its grain production by 37 percent. This has proven that traditional farming methods are being rendered obsolete. And because by the year 2000, there will be half the land per person in developing countries as there was in 1970, we need to apply ultra-efficient methods to sustain the growing need. Not only does the Green Revolution enhances food output, it also preserves the environment.
This nanotechnology will be placed in the soil to act as receptors to relay information to farmers about the soil, such as pH levels, water levels, nutrition balances, etc. Thus, allowing farmers to never over or under water their crops. This will then lead to close to 100% efficiency in water usage, as no water will be wasted. Such efficiency will allow for a mass amount of crop production through less water use and provide Mother Nature enough time to restore what is used in a natural manner, thus disproving Hardin’s fear about running out of the most essential natural resource, water
...t support for realizing intensive, high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, ecological and safe agricultural, its main techniques such as RFID, photo acoustic electromagnetic sensors, "3S" technology, laser scanner, etc, can make great breakthrough on agricultural product safety, agriculture information transmission, intelligent detecting, intelligent
According to Srinivasan (2006) and, Gebber and Adamchuk (2010) the implementation of PA has been demonstrably successful in industrial farming because of its large-scale and commercial production emphasis, especially with high- value cash crops that receive large amounts of agrochemical inputs and enter markets with strong differentiation based on quality, such as viticulture and horticulture.
Chemical sensors are advancing quickly, in no small part due to the need to monitor many aspects of human health and the environment especially in recent year...
Farming in Great Britain has been characterized by technological changes in recent decades which has led to massive increases in yields and improved stock rearing. Much of this change is due to the application of scientific research in plant and stock breeding and improved mechanization. But even today agriculture relies heavily on the physical environment. All crops require a specific range of temperature, moisture, soil ands drainage conditions and these factors can be modified by the farmer but only to a limited degree.
Improvements in the socio-economic patterns in India, China, Brazil and few other developing countries have opened new channels & opportunities for precision agriculture in these countries (Mondal, P. and Basu, M., 2009)”. India is a land of agriculture with large numbers of crops cultivated and the major pulses like wheat, pulses, rice, cotton, maize within top 10 in the world. However, when you take into consideration the ranking on quality wise it does not reach high. Although crops are being grown in India, The ratio of fertilizers used per area and the nutrition needs of the plants are not met. It is almost 3-5 times lesser to what is used in developed countries. With PA, you can achieve this needs of the plants, but studying the crop, soil and terrains. With the recent advancement in ISRO (Indian Satellite Research Organization) launching GPS and the IT revolution has changed the Indian environment making inroads for new scopes in farm sectors. There is also a misinterpretation that these technologies cannot be used in small scale farms. There are few technologies like chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and leaf colour chart (LCC) hand held portable devices to determine the timing of crop and the nutrient content. Government has been supportive in encouraging growers in small community to use GIS systems, and internet to understand the
Fertilisers and pesticides are not available in the village itself, although it is available in the nearest town. The adoption of hybrid and improved seed technologies, the use of chemical fertilisers and plant protection measures, mechanization (use of tractors, sprinkler irrigation and power sprayers) and soil and water conservation measures, have been contributing significantly, to increase farm productivity. Genetically modified seeds have been adopted in the village, including Sona Masuri and Hamsa in paddy, GCH-4 in castor and LRG-11, LRG-41, PRG-158, ICPL-87119, ICPH-2671 and ICP-8863 (Maruti) in pigeon pea.
Soil has distant layers of earth lying above the other, parallel to soil surfaces; this is known as soil horizons. These horizons may be encountered when digging from the surface to bedrock in this order: O, A, E, B, C, and R. These horizons are identified on the basis of their physical attributes, mainly by their color, structure, texture, particle size, as well as th...
Biosensor has a wide range of application depending on how it is being used. It is use as medical application, industrial application, environmental applications, military application and drug development.
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals--environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. A variety of philosophies, policies and practices have contributed to these goals. People in many different capacities, from farmers to consumers, have shared this vision and contributed to it.
Agriculture is one of the most ancient forms of art and science that ties human development and well-being to natural resources and ecosystems. (Fritz J. Häni, 2007) Sustainable Agriculture is the production of food, fibre, plant and animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities and animal welfare. (Sustainable Agriculture - The Basics, 2015) Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site – specific application that over the long term will:
To fulfill the growing needs of world's rapidly expanding population in a sustainable manner, crop growers must employed different approaches. Technologies such as precision agriculture are a new frontier in management strategy, technology and practices to enhance decision making. Tools such as remote sensing will play a major role in precision agriculture technology where useful data can be obtained quickly to help increase productivity and ultimately, profits. Additionally, innovative scientific methodologies enable and accelerate development of seed varieties with desired traits such as high yield and good drought tolerance. Both approaches when used efficiently and correctly will enhance decision making, reduce costs and risks, increase productivity and profitability to achieve sustainable agriculture.
Its contribution to PRA is: the complexity, diversity, and risk-proneness of a lot of farming systems, the knowledge and rationality of small and poor farmers, their experimental mindset and behavior and their ability to conduct their own analysis.