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Relation between dopamine levels and schizophrenia
Relation between dopamine levels and schizophrenia
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While there are many different varieties of psychoactive drugs, stimulants and narcotics are two of the most popular and dangerous. The effect of drugs on the body depends on their chemical properties, a person's mental set, the setting in which the drug is taken, and the genetic's of the user. With this wide variety of contributors, it is extremely hard to predict how a drug will affect an individual, but researchers have studies the basic effects. As a result of this research, we have discovered that stimulants rev up our central nervous system while narcotics relieve pain and induce sleep. Some examples of stimulants include nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. These drugs increase our heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. A person
In “Brain Enhancement is Wrong, Right?” the point being conveyed is that using stimulants to enhance performance should not be used because stimulants are unethical. The author intends to reach out to researchers, professors, and college students as the predominant demographic. The usage of drugs to enhance abilities occurs during time when individuals have stressful tasks a head of them. The use of the stimulants depends on when the person needs to focus. Benedict Carey targeted individuals in the academic field because those are the people who are using stimulants to amplify their abilities.
"The risks become more pronounced if students use stimulants concurrently with other substances", (Underhill & Langdon, 2013, p.
2)Strassman, R. Human Hallucinogenic Drug Research: Regulatory, Clinical and Scientific Issues. Brain Res. 162. 1990.
Amphetamines produce feelings of euphoria, relieve fatigue, improve performance, increase activity, and suppress appetite. Euphoric effects associated with the use of amphetamines, increase potential for abuse. Consequently, prolonged use of amphetamines may lead to drug dependence and tolerance. Desired effects are only achieved by increasing to higher doses of amphetamine, which can result in an acute overdose. Seizures, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, psychosis, hallucinations, stroke, or death can be experienced. Additional reports revealed that those who abuse amphetamines were significantly more likely to report using a greater number of illicit substances including nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and opiates.
Cocaine. National Institute of Drug Abuse: The science of drug abuse and addiction, Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page Holman, B. (1994) The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary Biological effects of central nervous system stimulants. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pd fviewer?sid=118723c1-a0ab-413a-ace1.
On September 21, 2016, I attended my first Narcotic’s Anonymous (NA) meeting at Cana Lutheran Church. Before attending this meeting, I had some preconceived views on what an ordinary NA meeting might be like. I originally thought of the meeting only as a group of individuals seated in a circle while sharing their feelings. I imagined that these people might be forced to attend the meeting by a spouse or some other influence in their lives. However, I was certainly mistaken. This meeting was much more; in fact, it is an essential part of the recovery process for many.
Almost everyone can say that they have had an experience with drugs, either it be with just witnessing it or using it. Throughout my life, I have had many bad experiences with drugs and it has taught me to stay away from them. Our society now somewhat looks up to the use of drug, with it being in the music industry or being in movies, it is in our culture and this could hurt us as a country down the road. Now, I’m not saying it is not okay to party once and awhile, but if a person is to party on a regular basis this could turn into an addiction to alcohol, illegal drugs, tobacco, and even caffeine. In all, there needs to be more facts and ads telling kids about these problems because they are our future and we have to set them up for success.
The most commonly abused substances are Nicotine, Inhalants, Alcohol, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Prescription medications, Heroin, Ecstasy and Marijuana. 1a(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011) Initially, a person may find themselves using substances voluntarily and with confidence that they will be able to dictate their personal use. However, over the period of time that drug use is repeated, changes are taking place throughout the brain, whether it is functionally or structurally. Drugs contain chemicals that enter the communication system of the brain and disturb the way in which nerve cells would typically send, receive, and process information. The chemicals within these drugs will cause a disruption to the communication system by either imitating the brain’s natural chemical messengers or by over-stimulating the brains “reward system” by sending mass amounts of dopamine. As an individual prolongs his or her use of these substances, they may develop an addiction.
Drug use seems to be a much more common every day. It seems like the number of people who are using and becoming addicted to drugs just keeps increasing. Perhaps if more people had more knowledge of drugs, their history and effects it would not be as bad. However, it does not always work that way. Many do know side effects of certain things and still choose to use. The use of drugs could very well be like a form of observational learning. Many people will pick something up once they have observed other people actively doing it. This idea works well with groups of individuals who are using a drug or substance around someone who has never used. That one individual may learn that behavior of using the substance, and how to use it by watching the
In the history of mankind, the hallucinogens have probably been the most important of the narcotics. Their fantastic effects made the...
The altered states of consciousness produced by drugs presents an all-to-common phenomenon in today’s society. Whether the desired sensation comes in the form of energy, a means of relaxation, or pain reduction, many people go to great lengths and present their bodies to threatening conditions in order to achieve this euphoric “high.” Unfortunately, the use of these drugs very often comes with dangerous side effects that users must learn to manage with for the rest of their life. According to neuroscientists, our entire conscious existence bases itself off of the lighting-fast reactions occurring in our nervous system (Nichols, 2012). Therefore, changing these neurological reactions can permanently effect our conscious being (Blatter, 2012). The physical and neurological effects from the use and abuse of stimulants, sedatives, hallucinogens, organic solvents, and athletic performance enhancing drugs will be discussed in order to better comprehend why certain individuals expose themselves to such dangerous materials with seemingly no regard to the permanent consequences associated with such actions.
· Freedman, D.X. (1984): LSD: The bridge from human to animal. In: Jacobs, B.L. (Ed.) Hallucinogens: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Raven Press.
There are many different types of addictive drugs. The text referred to six different categories of drugs based on their affects to the human brain, their overall tendency for abuse, how addictive they generally are, and how dangerously lethal they can be. The text defines them as psychostimulants, sedatives, and hallucinogens. The psychostimulants give an increased feeling of alertness that is often contrasted with the tranquilizing and depressive effects of the sedative-hypnotics. The hallucinogens give visual illusions and hallucinations that are accompanied by psychosis upon occasion. Although each type of drug listed is often abused and has dramatic negative effects on the brain, not all of them are truly addictive. In order to be addictive a drug must have three effects. First, it must cause the patient to voluntarily self-administer it. Second, it must cause massive spikes in dopamine. Third, it must lower the threshold for reward within the brain’s structure.
Examples of amphetamines include adderall, benzidrine, and dexedrine. Students often abuse prescriptions of adderall as a study tool. I’ve known students at my previous school in Miami take adderall during every exam when they weren’t even prescribed it which is a perfect example of amphetamine abuse. I’ve even heard about students becoming addicted to such drugs.
The use of drugs is a controversial topic in society today. In general, addicts show a direct link between taking drugs and suffering from their effects. People abuse drugs for a wide variety of reasons. In most cases, the use of drugs will serve a type of purpose or will give some kind of reward. These reasons for use will differ with different kinds of drugs. Various reasons for using the substance can be pain relief, depression, anxiety and weariness, acceptance into a peer group, religion, and much more. Although reasons for using may vary for each individual, it is known by all that consequences of the abuse do exist. It is only further down the line when the effects of using can be seen.