Title- Static Analysis of Steam turbine Casing- A Review Abstract Steam turbine is a device used to covert thermal energy (Steam) into mechanical energy, then after converted to Electrical energy. In turbine, casing is the main component as it hoses blades, rotor, nozzles and diaphragms. Steam turbine casings operates at very high temperature and pressure which results in large stress strain distribution. If the contact pressure is not attained then it leads to leakage of steam which further can cause explosion. In this contribution, a review on steam turbine casing under static loading condition is done. Introduction Steam turbine is most flexible mechanical machines and it can be used to drive even generators. Steam turbine can work at high temperatures. Turbine casing is essentially a pressure vessel which endures the high pressure of steam and supports all the internal components. Important components of steam turbine casings are shells, head, flange, bolts and inlet section. To endure high pressure, thick cylinder walls are essential but, to minimize thermal stress, there should not be rapid change in thickness nor asymmetrical Sections. The casing are either cast, fabricated depending upon operating conditions. The casing material can be iron, carbon steel, carbon moly steel, or chrome moly steel [1]. Since the stream turbine casing is subjected to very high temperature and pressure, casing will undergo fatigue damage. Fatigue is the phenomenon which affects mostly to moving or rotating parts especially in automobiles, reactors etc. …show more content…
Ramesh et al [1] Had created the three dimensional model of steam turbine casing. As the model is complex, so they made some assumptions to simplify the model. Assumptions are as follows • The casing material is assumed as homogeneous and isotropic. • Inertia and body force effects are ignored during
For the other material ASTM A216 Gr WCB same pressure of 16 Mpa is applied and the stress developed is approximately as similar to the connecting rod made with material of cast iron. Figure no. 9 indicates the maximum and minimum stress developed in connecting rod at small & big end. The equivalent stress maximum and minimum values are 71.347 MPa and 4.4955e-5 MPa respectively.
Comparing the joints welded with two different heat inputs, concluded that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and impact toughness of the welded joints decreases with increases the heat input.
Pressure relief valves are used to safely contain pressurized gases and liquids. Throughout the years there has been an increased demand for safety in industrial and other related operating practices. These valves are one of the many devices that have been created in conjunction with standardized design and operating practices, for the provision of this very protection. In the past, vessels that now would obviously require relief valves were heated often resulting in drastic increase in pressure within the vessel. This resulted in an extremely dangerous outcome physically for all the parties involved.
Wind turbines can be very useful in bringing energy into your home. They are especially useful when solar panels aren't working. They take the wind speed from oceans, lakes, dugouts, or rivers and turn it into energy. To use the wind turbines most efficiently you should set up a wind power system.
Alstom Power Turbo-Systems was awarded the Engineering Procure Construct contract for TRUenergy’s Tallawarra CCGT Power Station located approximately 20kms south of Wollongong. Their scope was for the supply and installation of an Alstom GT26 Gas Turbine c/w HRSG / Steam Turbine / Generator / Stack / Balance of Plant.
After the condensation process is finished and the steam reverts back to water, it is pumped into the reactor again, thus completing the process of producing nuclear-based power. Next, hydro-electricity is electricity produced by moving water, flowing past a turbine connected to a generator (“Hydropower”). According to Nationalgeographic.com, a typical hydro-plant is a system with three parts: an electric plant where electricity is produced, a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow, and a reservoir where water can be stored.... ... middle of paper ... ...
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. That nuclear power plant is similar to that of conventional power plant where the boiler is replaced by a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity. In a typical nuclear reactor the reactor core acts as heat exchanger, as the heat is generated by nuclear reaction, the generated heat is transferred to the primary cooling medium which is heavy water (D2O). Outside the reactor core, the primary coolant exchanges heat with the secondary fluid (water) to generate steam to be used in...
Autoclave processing is widely used for producing high quality thermoset composites, these are used in various industries to process a wide variety of thermoset and thermoplastic materials [10]. Almost any shape of the composite parts can be cured in autoclaves as the gas pressure is applied isostatically, the only limitations is the size of the autoclave and require high capital to install autoclaves. Autoclaves are normally pressurized with inert gas like nitrogen or carbon dioxide and air, but air is prone to danger of a fire within the autoclave during the elevated cure temperatures. It is observed that the heated pressurized gas strikes the front door and flow back down the center of the vessel to heat the part, as the gas strikes the door it produces considerable turbulence in the gas flow which results in higher velocities and stabilizes as it flows towards the rear of the autoclave.
Advantage of steam lies in the blatant heat liberated when it condenses on a cooler surface raising the temp of that surfaces.
Sources for this paper have been literature, the Annual Report 2003, further Bosch publications and internet sources.
Journal bearings are some of the most important machine elements used in industrial applications. They are widely used in IC engines, steam and gas turbines, pumps, compressors, etc. When well designed and maintained, they have benefits of supporting high load carrying capacity with a wide range of speeds and unlimited life in comparison with the expense and limited life of ball and roller bearings. Cylindrical journal bearing normally consists of a journal supported by a simple sleeve and sufficient supply of lubricant. The circular hydrodynamic journal bearing becomes noncircular when it was subjected to the wear due to successive starts and stops for a long period of work. This local variation in geometry of the
Socket Weld flanges were firstly developed for use on small-size high pressure piping. Their static strength is equal to Slip On flanges, but their fatigue strength 50% more than double-welded Slip On flanges. The connection with the pipe is done with only 1 fillet weld, at the outside of the flange. But before welding, a space must be created between flange or fitting and pipe. The purpose for the bottoming clearance in a socket weld is usually to minimise the residual stress at the root of the weld that could occur during solidification of the weld metal. The disadvantage of this flange is the gap, that must be made. By corrosive products, and mainly in stainless steel pipe systems, the crack between pipe and flange can have corrosion
A steam turbine's two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor. As the steam passes through the fixed blades or nozzles it expands and its velocity increases. The high-velocity jet of steam strikes the first set of moving blades. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical energy, causing the shaft to rotate. The steam then enters the next set of fixed blades and strikes the next row of moving blades. As the steam flows through the turbine, its pressure and temperature decreases, while its volume increases. The decrease in pressure and temperature occurs as the steam transmits energy to the shaft and performs work. After passing through the last turbine stage, the steam exhausts into the condenser or process steam system. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical erringly through the impact (impulse) or reaction of the steam against the blades.
Wind turbines are a great source of energy around the world. Wind turbines produce wind energy that can be used to power our homes. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy into mechanical power. Then this mechanical power gets generated into electricity. Wind turbines make energy by the wind turning the large blades, which spin a shaft that is connected to the large blades, which then operates the generator making electricity.
Wind is a form of solar energy. The term wind energy describes the process by which the wind is used to generate electricity or mechanical power. Wind turbines convert mechanical energy from the wind into electrical power. Wind turbines usually have three main parts. There are blades that connect to a central hub, a box behind the blades that contains the generator, and a long stem that connects to the ground. The way how it works is that the wind turns the blades, which spins a shaft that connects to a generator making electricity. After the electricity is produced it is sent through transmission lines to a substation that is sent to business and homes. For the sake of our planet, we must promote a renewable energy economy. Wind power can be a foundation of that sustainable energy future because it provides jobs in states that are building wind turbines, is a renewable energy source, and does not damage our environment. The environment will not be damaged by the pollution, the natural resources will not be used up, and there won’t be generating of hazardous wastes. Welcoming wind energy today will lay the foundation for a healthy tomorrow that will affect everyone in the United States. There are obstacles and challenges that will make it more difficult, but the environmental impact is well worth it to invest more money into wind energy.