STERILIZATION:
Sterilization is the killing or removal of all microbes including bacterial spores which are highly resistant.
CLASSIFICATION:
Moist heat sterilization.
Dry heat sterilization
Chemical sterilization.
Sterilization is also classified as
SUNLIGHT:
Bactericidal activity.
Germicidal activity because of U V rays + heat.
DRYING:
Sterilization by dry heat on the other hand requires temperature in range of 1800C for 2 hours.This process is used primarily for glassware .
Spores are unaffected by drying.
HEAT:
Dry
Moist
Heat is the most reliable method of sterilization and should be method of choice unless contraindicated. Killing by dry heat is due to
Protein denaturation
Oxidative damage
Toxic effects of elevated of electrolytes.
DRY HEAT (FLAMING):
I
INCENERATION:
.
HOT AIR OVEN:
Individual instrument must be heated at 1600C for 1 hour for effective sterilization.
Instruments packets must be placed at least 1 cm apart to allow heated air to circulate. If packed together without spacing ineffective sterilization.
MOIST HEAT:
Action is by
Protein denaturation.
Coagulation of protein.
Advantage of steam lies in the blatant heat liberated when it condenses on a cooler surface raising the temp of that surfaces.
In cases of spores steams condenses on the spores and kill them by hydrolysis and breakdown of bacterial protein.
Temp BELOW 100 0C:
Pasteurization 620C for 30min (holder method) or 720C for 15-20 sec (flash forces) following by cooling quickly to 130C by this process all are destroyed.
This is sufficient to kill the vegetative cells of the milk borne pathogens such as mycobacterium bovis,brucella etc.
Temperature at 1000C (Boiling) (10 – 30 min):
Vege...
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...dal, bactericidal, tubercolocidal.
Disadvantage, corrosive un pleasant older
GASES:
FORMALDEHYDE GASES:
Used for fumigation of operation theaters after sealing the windows and other outlets formaldehyde gas is generated by adding 150 gm of kmno4 to 280 ml of formation.
The reaction produces heat. There heat resistant vessels should be used.
After fumigation door are left unopened for 48 hours.
Surfaces which have been disinfected by this agent may release on irritant vapor for sometime after disinfection and this can be nullified by exposure to NH3 vapor after disinfection.
ETHYLENE OXIDE:
Colorless liquid, boiling point 1070C.
At normal temp and pressure it is highly penetrating pas with sweet small.
Highly inflammable and explosive so other gases are added CO2 or N2
Used for disinfection of heart lung machines respirators. Sutures, books and clothing
5.) One at a time, place your test tubes in the water bath and heat the first test tube to 25 , the second to 50 , the third to 75, and the last to 100 degrees c. Remeber to stir with your stirring rod every so often.
Steam sterilisation is the process where “dry saturated steam comes into contact with a cooler surface, that causes water condensation and immediate release of the latent heat” (Rohanizadeh, 2016). This process was carried out in an autoclave and is the preferred method of sterilisation as the ampoules are sealed and made from glass. Being sealed causes a high amount of pressure to build up inside the ampoule, though in an autoclave they will not burst due to the high pressure in the autoclave equalizing and compensating for the high pressure in the ampoule. If a dry heat method of sterilisation was used, e.g. an oven, the ampoules would burst due to evaporation of the solution occurring, and no compensation or equalised pressure availability, like we see in the autoclave.
STERILIZATION Competent SPD (sterile processing department) technicians must be knowledgeable about all available sterilization methods, regardless of whether those methods are currently being used at their facility. The sterilization equipment, sterilization parameters, and loading and unloading of sterilizers are all critical components of effective sterilization .in addition, sterilization processes must be monitored administratively, biologically, and chemically. It is important that all
... in place in delivery rooms to better sterilize the environment to eliminate viruses and infection which would further risk bleeding for mother or infant and thus lead to increased time in the NICU.
· If spilt on clothes or skin, wash with water to prevent harm to the
Acrylamide is not a concern when food is boiled, microwaved, or steamed. The food and drug admini...
First of I just want to take this time to congratulate you on meeting the requirement of the paper, it was an honor to read about your topic on Birth Control. From reading the paper I can honestly see the hard work you put into it. While reading your paper I notice the use of standard vocabulary words, I found this to be a great idea, in my view it help to persuade readers on the level of text they’re reading, but in other words the paper is not graded on how much vocabulary words you can come up with, I’m not saying using standard vocabulary is a horrible thing but instead focusing your paper on vocabulary words that might get your reader confused and have them searching the web for definition, I honestly advice since this is a argumentative
...e of bacterial contamination of raw materials subject to environmental pollution, sterilization is not complete, improper storage methods and unsanitary operations.
As a young adult, it may seem foolish to predict what your future family life will look like, especially in regards to children. Often times this reality is forced upon a select few, particularly homosexual couples; however, with the innovation of in vitro fertilization (IVF), a couple is met with promise and the hope of a successful family life. IVF can be described as a process by which a fetus is genetically formed in a laboratory setting. Though this process may seem unnatural in essence, it allows for a more diverse family arrangement through medical innovation. This procedure, though controversial, is seen by many as an advancement in the medical field and can be accredited to procuring a healthy child for an unfortunate family, whether
...e are involved. These elements would need to be considered in order for the procedure of sterilization to be deemed ethical.
Air and vapour handling equipment needs to be in place to get rid of vapour in case of solvent being a health hazard.
• Clean all pacifiers and bottle nipples in hot water or a dishwasher after each use.
An obstetrician is one thing, and a gynecologist is another. The job is combined together, but the two branches can be worked separately. An obstetrician is a physician who focuses and is trained in the management of pregnancy, labor, and pueperium (the period following childbirth). A physician who has specialized and trained in the health of the female reproductive system is a gynecologist. The reason the jobs are combined is because they’re both all about women. Obstetricians and Gynecologists are physicians who provide general medical care to women. They equip medical care associated with pregnancy or childbirth, and they diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases, especially those affecting the female
With sterilization being forced upon them, the patients would not expect this to happen and have a heavy, emotional response to it. Many sources show that patients that commonly experienced compulsory sterilization were women and those in prison or in a mental institution. For example, within the 1970s, patient Julie was sterilized without being informed, though signed a form for it, believing it to be for a painkiller, and her husband left her upon finding out about her sterilization because he “wanted a real woman” (Peal). As far as sterilization in prison goes, it has been both forced and informed, depending on how the situation has gone. In 1909, Californian “medical superintendents of asylums and prisons” could sterilize their patient, so long as it actually improves the person physically, mentally, or morally, though this sterilization law has changed over the years (Stern 1129). On December 18, 2006, Tessa Savicki went to Baystate Medical Center for a Caesarean section, only to later find out that the surgeons had tied her fallopian tubes after delivering her baby (Diaz-Duran). Savicki expresses her emotions as shocked, upset, and disgusted by the action that caused her to be sterile permanently, fearing that her husband would leave her because of that (Diaz-Duran). In the case of 2007, Crystal Nguyen of Valley State Prison for Women worked in the prison’s medical center and overheard the staff asking inmates, like herself, to be sterilized. Christina Cordero was an inmate for two years who agreed to be sterilized, pressured by a medical staff member into feeling like “a bad mother” of five, but as of 2008 she quotes, “Today I wish I would have never had it done.” (Johnson). These patients exhibit disapproval to this compulsory sterilization, even when agreeing or almost tricked into
The pasteurization process is when the mix is heated in order to kill the bacteria. For commercial ice creams, it is important for the base to be heated up to the right temperature so that the bacteria in the eggs are killed. The pasteurizer is made up of a series of very stainless steel plates. Hot water of 180 degrees flows on one side of the plates and the cold mix (36 degrees) is pumped through on the other sides of the plates. In an industrial setting, batch pasteurization can be used; the base is heated to 150 degrees Fahrenheit. It is then kept in the container for thirty minutes. Afterwards it is reheated ...