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Spread of Buddhism in China
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Recommended: Spread of Buddhism in China
After the collapse of the Han Dynasty the spread of Buddhism was largely accepted by many scholars and positions of power. However after the rise of the Tang dynasty, the spread of Buddhism was largely discouraged by scholars and high-ranking officials with a few exceptions of Buddhist scholars. Buddhism’s spread was accepted and flourished until the rise of the Tang dynasty were government officials started campaigned against it.
Whereas Buddhism started fifth century BCE with Buddha’s first sermon, which preached the four noble truths, Buddhism’s spread into China happened later during the period of political instability, after the collapse of the Han dynasty. One of the first documents showing the acceptance of the spread of Buddhism was the Chinese scholar Zhi Dun who preached that anyone in China who served the
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Buddhism grew stronger when the government was weak and there was less of a force against Buddhism, but in the later Tang period governmental power grew and as a result emperors and scholars began speaking against it. Han Yu, leading Confucian scholar and Tang imperial court official, spoke against Buddha’s finger bone coming to the palace as it was nothing but an idol of Buddhism from a cult of the barbarian people spread to China. Han Yu wished that the finger bone will not come to the palace as its presences gives merit to Buddhism which disrupts Han Yu’s position of power. Another powerful official against Buddhism was the Tang Emperor Wu himself. He spoke to his people in the edict on Buddhism on how it takes working people into Buddhist temples to take food from working citizens allowing others to starve. Emperor Wu also talks about how Buddhism causes people to abandon their lords and this leads to the conclusion that Wu is condemning Buddhism as it is a threat to his power and not because it is a threat to his
Since the introduction of Buddhism into China, it was not well received by the population as its foreign beliefs clashed with pre-existent principals of Confucianism and Taoism. On top of that, it was alienated by the Confucianism-based government in the late Han Dynasty. All in all, Buddhism was not a common nor a popular religion throughout China at first. Nevertheless, this all changed after the rise of the Tang Dynasty. There is no doubt that Buddhism and the Tang administration under Wu’s reign formed a critical symbiotic relationship with one another. Buddhism played a pivotal role in justifying Empress Wu’s rule. She enthroned herself as the monarch of China, an extraordinarily difficult achievement for a woman in a male-dominant society, by associating herself with Buddhism: proclaiming herself as the Maitreya and that she will bring an utopian era for the Chinese. (Smarr, 17 Feb. 2012) At the same time, Buddhism benefitted handsomely from government support, as monasteries are exempted from tax and that they are financially supported by the state, as seen in A Pilgrim’s Visit to the Five Terraces Mountains, which ultimately resulted in the substantial growth in attraction of Buddhist converts and Buddhism itself. Wu’s extensive support of the religion with ostentatious gifts and donations contributed to the rapid proliferation of Buddhism. Evidently, the mutually benefitting relationship between Buddhism and the state are crucial to each other’s survival during Wu’s sovereignty, but to what extent did her financial support (donations to monasteries) of Buddhism bettered the government overall?
However, the trend toward supporting Taoism provided a reactionary means in which Emperor Wuzong and court officials, such as Han Yu, were able to invert this form o cultural tolerance to a more xenophobic governmental movement to remove Buddhism from China. In the writings of Han Yu, it is apparent that the weakness of Chinese Emperors tended to be directly related to the practice of Buddhism by elites. More so, Chinese government officials began to become hostile to Buddhist, which set the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution into motion as a formal movement action against non-Taoists throughout the
There is no simple answer to this question, especially with the convoluted and entwining relationship between Buddhism and Wu, so we focus on how the religion assisted Wu in grasping power and its indispensable role in the Chinese economy. The close connection between government and religion is not a new concept to the Tang era as it has been well-established prior to its time, and it even survived long after. In the case of Buddhism and Empress Wu, the religion played a pivotal role in justifying her rule, which could explain her special interest in it. Among the Buddhists followers, she was identified as the bodhisattva Maitreya, which helped her gain a sense of legitimacy to her reign, especially in a male-dominant society (Smarr Feb. 17 2012). The association of Buddhism with Wu helped spur Wu’s benevolent policies towards the religion, who benefitted handsome...
Buddhism to be accepted the Emperor would have to condone it and at least offer his
In China, the citizens' inclination of Buddhism varied from that of other states. There was a plethora of mental outlooks on how Buddhism was changing the Chinese society as it expanded from India, where it was founded in the sixth century BCE. The responses are organized depending on their acceptance, rejection, or encouragement of a combination of Buddhism with other religions. These categories are illustrated by the following documents; the acceptance by documents two and five, the rejection by documents four, six, and three, and last, the encouragement by documents two, five, and three. Additional documentations that would be helpful in classifying the reactions of the Chinese people would be a testimony or statement of a Chinese woman, or group of women, and of peasants. These would be helpful as we'd be able to examine exactly how the Chinese were affected by Buddhism's grasp. We would be able to see how Buddhism affected their daily lives and what they thought about the sudden religion.
Xuanzang was a highly educated Buddhist monk from China, who in 629 C.E. made the long and treacherous journey along the Silk Road to India. His main objectives in his sixteen years away from home were fundamentally religious; he only wanted to study more complete scriptures to answer questions he had, which he deemed unsolvable in his own country. It is important to understand Xuanzang’s own position within the Chinese society and the type of situation it was in: Chinese Buddhists had many disagreements
Confucian scholars and the emperor attacked Buddhism as an outlandish, barbaric belief. “The Memorial of Buddhism” written by Han Yu, a Confucian scholar, opposes Buddhism when the emperor decides to bring “the finger bone of Buddha” into the Chinese palace. He shows the unjust actions of the emperor by referring back to Confucian teachings such as keeping “[ghosts and spirits] at a distance”. The scholar also describes how Buddhism is barbaric because it does not conform to any Chinese laws or Confucian teachings (Doc. 4). As a Confucian scholar, he favored the relationship between “sovereign and subject” and traditional dress. He did not want these Chinese ways destroyed by Buddhist beliefs. Similarly, in document 6, Tang Emperor Wu speaks about the damage Buddhism has done to his people, ways and life. He says the mass conversions to Buddhism has affected his social structure by increasing the number of monks and decreasing the number of farmers. As an emperor of the Tang dynasty, he dis...
Thomas Tweed brings up some interesting points when it has to do with Buddhism. He brings up how the spread of Buddhism was a difficult road to go down. It had made tribulations to go through before actually being accepting in society. There are a couple major reasons why Buddhism had a rough history. One reason is that it was an Asian influenced religion. At this time in America people of Asian origin were not allowed to come to America, so when Buddhism was introduced to Americans it was not popular with the majority of the citizens. Another was the classification of Buddhism as a religion. Buddhism had this conflict of categorization of whether it was a philosophy or an actual religion. Many believed Buddhism was a philosophy because Buddhism is more of a way of life that a religion. However, for the believers and followers of Buddhism it was much more than just a philosophy it was their faith. The reason it was grouped in with the rest of the different philosophy's and not a religion because Buddhism was not similar to other religions. There is no "One Being" that is prayed to like Christianity or Protestant. Buddhism does not consist of praying but meditating and self-discipline.
Centuries after the death of the Buddha, his teachings spread throughout Asia and dominated (2). Around 1500, Western powers began entering the Buddhist controlled areas of Asia and created colonies, which persisted into the middle of...
Document 4 by Han Yu, a leading Confucian Scholar and official of the Tang imperial court, warns the public to be cautious of the captivating, controling faith. His point of view expresses worry and the beleived evils of Buddhism most likely also felt by the other Tang imperial court memebers. Han Yu claims “that Buddhism is no more thant a cult of the barbarian peoples” and that the religon conflicts with Confucian beliefs. He discusses that the Buddha causes people to do extreme things. Han Yu’s approach to the emporer in this document is very persuasive that Confucius beliefs are the only beliefs, all other faiths are inferior. Document 6 by Tang Emperer Wu expresses the troubles of Buddhism, including it “poison{ing} the customs of our nation.” He seems to conclude the idea that Buddhism is more harmful to the public than it is good and expresses concern for his followers. This shows the governments dissapproval of Buddhist practices, that have evolved, most likely because its large following has caused a threat to governmental
Regarding religion, Chinese culture saw the emergence of Confucianism and Buddhism as the major influence. Confucianism stressed filial piety which meant respecting elders and superiors, ruling righteously, and obeying commands and orders. Confucianism was introduced by the Chinese thinker Confucius. Buddhism was brought to China, but originated in India and was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. Followers of Buddhism worshipped Buddh...
Buddhist merchants traveled the silk road an introduced Buddhism to China. After the fall of the Han dynasty Confucianism suffered a loss to it credibility. Foreign religion such as Christianity, Manicheans, and Zoroastrians entered China. Emperor Tang Taizong allowed them to open monasteries n Chang’an and other cities. By the mid 7th centaury Arab and Persian merchants established Muslim
“The spread of Confucianism across East Asia was accomplished largely through voluntary and consensual means, rather than by conquest o...
In the year 220 AD, as the Han dynasty was collapsing, Confucianism, then the state ideology, began to lose its popularity. This, along with the demise of the Han order, set up a situation in which the people of China were hungry for new ideas. There were also many dignitaries within the Chinese government that were looking to gain good political footing in order to ensure staying power. These factors all opened up the gate for Buddhism to enter Chinese society and gain popularity with the Chinese culture.
Buddhism prevailed as a religion indigenous to west India and comprises of varieties of traditions, beliefs and practices based on the teachings of Buddha. There are many reasons why Buddhism became so popular and entered into many civilizations. Buddhism began to be popular throughout Asia alongside India. Buddhism has blossomed in the contemporary world, especially in the West. It is an issue to wonder what Buddhism offers that other religions cannot and has become so significant worldwide. Buddhism has become an idea that is widespread and the teachings of Buddha have made a real difference in many civilizations like India, China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea and surprisingly Buddhism has come to make a significant difference in American culture.