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Flashcards cognitive development in early childhood
Flashcards cognitive development in early childhood
Flashcards cognitive development in early childhood
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For my research topic I chose to write about Specific Phobias and their effects on personality development in early childhood. The reason for this topic is that I have a major interest in cognition along with personality development in early childhood. I am especially interested in finding out how factors such as specific phobias can ultimately affect a person in the course of their life. . I hope to find a positive or a negative connection between phobias and personality. Along with this I want to find out if there is truly a correlation between the two subjects so that we may have a better understanding of personality development. I believe that if we can gain a more detailed explanation and understanding on personalities then there is potential …show more content…
Piaget “became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers to the questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children” (McLeod, 2015). Dr. Klaczynski who is a Professor at the University of Northern Colorado and whose primary focus is developmental psychology has stated in a lecture of his that Jean Piaget is known as one most influential researchers in the field of developmental psychology. He explained that this is, because before Piaget, it was commonly believed and accepted in the field of Psychology that children were simply “less competent thinkers” (Klaczynski, 2016) as compared to adults. Through Piaget’s numerous studies he was able to come to the conclusion that children were not “less competent thinkers” but, rather they had a whole different way of thinking as compared to …show more content…
The fact that the stages are universal means that there is no limit to who goes through the stages which means that anyone of any race, gender, background, or even ability go through these stages in the same order. There are only two factors that can affect this which is in the case of death where a person can no longer proceed for obvious reasons or the amount of time that a person goes through a stage. It is entirely possible for a person to take longer or to go through a stage faster than a person in their cohort. Through countless studies of these stages, cognitive development was shown be based on biological factors and would thus change as the child gained experience. The stages of development will be described based on what I learned in my Human Development class taught by Dr. Paul Klaczynski and information retrieved from Saul McLeod’s article on Piaget’s theory of cognitive
Jean Piaget became fascinated with the reasons behind why children cannot correctly answer questions that require logical thinking. Piaget was the first psychologist to conduct an organized study of the intellectual advancement in children. Before Piaget’s study, many believed children were merely less efficient thinkers than adults. Due to his study, however, Piaget proved children think in remarkably different ways than adults. Children are born with a very primitive mental complex that is genetically inherited and learned on which all the following knowledge and learning is based (McLeod, 2015).
Piaget’s theory is consistent and has contributed to how we think about education. The theory supports the child’s need to explore and to practice trial and error in the process of learning (Mooney, 2000, p. 62). Piaget’s theory is weakened by his lack of rigorous scientific research methods and the lack of diversity by using his own children as test subjects. Piaget’s instructions for his tests were complicated and limited the possible outcomes (Lourenco & Machado, 1996,
Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children's cognitive development took place in stages. (Jarvis, Chandler 2001 P.149). However they were distinguished by different styles of thinking. Piaget was the first t reveal that children reason and think differently at different periods in their lives. He believed that all children progress through four different and very distinct stages of cognitive development. This theory is known as Piaget’s Stage Theory because it deals with four stages of development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. (Ginsburg, Opper 1979 P. 26).
John was a victim of a prank conducted by his fellow classmates, where they placed the class gerbil in John's lunchbox moments before lunch break. Upon opening his lunchbox, John reacted intensely in discovering the gerbil and having his finger bitten; while the gerbil attempted to escape. The classmates laughed in amusement; but John was sent home early, because he could not calm done his anxiety. In the following days, the wariness he felt for animals had developed into a phobia. John could not visit his aunt's house, because she had a cat; and he would immediately walk the other direction if he heard a dog bark (Newby 198). In John's case, his phobia was invoked by an unexpected event which lead to the fear of all fury animals. People with phobias are greatly misunderstood, and most have yet to build the courage to face their known, irrational fears; consequently, phobias have a significant impact on their development of personalities and lifestyles. The source of phobias are still being evaluated and debated, while new methods of treatment are progressively reducing and controlling the anxiety of phobics.
Piaget also believed that children would only learn when they are ready. Children's use of language represents their stage in cognitive development, but he didn’t see language as a ‘central’ to children's development, as cognitive development begins at birth and is required for language development. He also states that children are egocentric – they can’t understand another person’s point of view. Criticisms of Piaget’s work = =
It is estimated that more than 40% of the general population suffers from one or more fear of a specific object or situation (Williams 1987). If a fear becomes excessive or unreasonable it is termed a phobia. Phobias can lead to significant impairment in daily life (Vigerland 2013). Specific phobia is an anxiety disorder that is defined as an unreasonable or irrational fear that has a negative impact on daily living, having a life-time prevalence rate of over 10%, specific phobias are the most prevalent group of mental disorders Five main categories are distinguished: animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood-injury-injection type, and other type (Van Houtem 2013). The subtypes of specific phobia differ greatly in terms of prevalence, sex distribution, and age of onset (Burnstein 2012). The development of specific phobia can be best understood by the classical conditioning model; the paring of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus which automatically evokes a fear response (e.g. Watson & Rayner 1920). Conditioning theory states that objects and situations that are irrationally feared resemble previous distressing experiences (Van Houtem 2013). For a number of specific phobias other factors, including genetic susceptibility (see Van Houtem 2013), may play a role in the development of specific phobias. Specific phobias can be treated a number of ways, the most effective being one session treatments (Ollendick &Davis 2013) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (see Vigerland 2013).
Their research was focused at making connections between a child's age and the nature of their errors. They were evaluating intelligence in children with the use of standardized testing. Working in this study sparked the curiosity in Piaget that changed modern day psychology. He was inspired to find out more about how children learned. For many years, people believed that children were just small adults, that they would learn in similar ways and be able to hold knowledge like an adult. It was not very common to think that children just didn’t know how to communicate their answers very well, but it turns out that children are very different from adults. Piaget dedicated his time and efforts into figuring out how the development of children into adults was set
The Critique of Piaget's Theories Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) was a constructivist theorist. He saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development. Piaget’s insight opened up a new window into the inner working of the mind and as a result he carried out some remarkable studies on children that had a powerful influence on theories of child thought. This essay is going to explain the main features and principles of the Piagetian theory and then provide criticism against this theory. Cognitive development refers to way in which a person’s style of thinking changes with age.
Introduction Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) pioneered an intellectual and perceptual development theory that focuses on how processes such as thinking, reasoning and problem-solving develop beginning in infancy. In particular, Piaget conceptualised his theory as spanning across four significant and hierarchical age based stages, each distinguished by qualitatively different processes of thought (Craig & Baucum, 2002, p. 54; Flavell, 1963, p. 1; Peterson, 2004, p. 57). Until the introduction of contemporary research methods, Piaget’s theory was widely uncontested and formed part of a concrete theory that was applied systematically to children based on his/her age (Beltman, 2009). Whilst current perspectives related to Piaget’s theory support the sequence of development that he purposes, there is a view that cognitive development may happen in gradual trends as opposed to the abrupt transition that Piaget may have us believe (Beltman, 2009; McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, pp. 203, 205). Furthermore, research claims that Piaget may have overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescence, while underestimating those of the pre-operational stage (Flieller; Kuhn; Amsel & O’Loughlin; Pascarella &Terenzini; Schauble, as cited in McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 203). According to Piaget, the pre-operational stage (age 2 – 7 years) illustrates the emergence of newly acquired cognitive capabilities and the further building of existing mental frameworks known as schemes. He defines the ability to represent objects and events mentally and through a rapidly expanding vocabulary (i.e., symbolic thought) as being a predominate attribute of pre-operational thought. Piaget described this as being a pre-logical stage in the view of adults as children may be able ...
After completing his Ph.D., “Piaget showed promise while studying psychoanalysis, but choose to work instead in standardizing reasoning tests on children” (Plucker, 2003). During his work, Piaget noticed that ch...
Specific phobia, described in DSM-V, is a certain kind of anxiety disorder, in which a patient experiences an amount of unreasonable intense fear for certain objects or situations. Stimulators include animals, natural environment, situations and blood injection injury (APA, 2013). Intense fear and extreme anxiety generally result in patients with social impairment. In the United States, the lifetime prevalence for specific phobia is 12.5% (Kessler & Chiu, 2005). As one of the most common mental disorders in the United States, specific phobia attracts both academia and the general population’s attention. General treatments for specific phobia include exposure
Jean Piaget is a Switzerland psychologist and biologist who understand children’s intellectual development. Piaget is the first to study cognitive development. He developed the four stages of cognitive development: the sensori-motor stage, preoperational stage, the concrete operational and the formal operational stage. Piaget curiosity was how children cogitate and developed. As they get mature and have the experience, children’s will get knowledgeable. He suggested that children develop schemas so they can present the world. Children’s extend their schemas through the operation of accommodation and assimilation.
One of the most successful things that Piaget came up with was his theory on cognitive development in a growing child. There are many theories out there on why children act and think the way they do. Each theorist thinks something different. Piaget believed that children grew and developed in different stages. Four stages to be exact. Stage one is called the sensorimotor stage, the second stage is called the preoperational, stage, the third stage is called the concrete operational stage, and the fourth and final stage is called the period of formal
According to Lourenco (2012), Piaget whole take on cognitive development is that individuals create his or her knowledge individually or solitarily, meaning they learn from their personal understandings and capabilities. He was more interested in how children think differently from
Piaget’s Cognitive theory represents concepts that children learn from interactions within the world around them. He believed that children think and reason at different stages in their development. His stages of cognitive development outline the importance of the process rather the final product. The main concept of this theory reflects the view th...