Solubility Lab Report

Solubility is when a chemical substance that is a gas, solid, or liquid that is called solute dissolves in a solvent that is also a gas, solid, or liquid to form a solution. To determine the solubility of a substance it depends on the physical and chemicals properties of both the solute and the solvent as well as pressure, temperature, and the pH of the solution. ( Solubility, Wikipedia 2016)

Solubility is the amount of the substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent. In a saturated solution is when the dissolved solute is equal to the amount of the undissolved solute. A saturated solution of an ionic compound is slightly different from that of a covalent compound like sucrose. In a ionic compound it dissolves and exist in solution as ions, but in a covalent compound instead of ions there are molecules (Solubility). Solubility can be confused with the ability to dissolve a substance but in solubility the solution may also occur because of a chemical reaction. For example zinc dissolves in hydrochloric acid as a result of chemical reaction releasing hydrogen gas in a displacement reaction The zinc ions are soluble in the acid. ( Solubility, Wikipedia 2016)

Solubility is measured in the terms of the maximum amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The result is

called saturated solution. Certain substances such as ethanol in water are soluble in all proportions with a given solvent. This property is called miscibility. In many conditions, the equilibrium solubility can be exceeded to give a supersaturated solution. Solubilities range widely, from infinitely soluble, to poorly soluble. Poorly soluble substances are usually called insoluble, but it is very rare when no material is dissolved. The process of dissolving, called dissolution, is straightforward for covalent substances. (Science Daily)
Thermochemistry is the quantitative study and measurement of heat and enthalpy changes. It is considered a branch of thermodynamics and chemistry in which it focuses on the study of heat given off or absorbed in a chemical reaction. The heat that flows across the boundaries of a system undergoing a change is a fundamental property that characterizes the process. It is easily measured, and if the process is a chemical reaction carried out at constant pressure, it can also be predicted from the difference between the enthalpies of the products and reactants. (Thermochemistry, Wikipedia 2015)
There are two types of heat in chemistry. One is caused by physical activity. When you get more kinetic energy there is also more activity in the system, because of the more activity there is more molecular collision that occurs. These collisions create heat. The second type of heat is caused by heat. Chemical bonds are made and broken and that releases energy. The releases energy charges up the system and the molecules bounce around faster. Sometimes instead of the energy being released it is absorbed. When the energy is absorbed the system gets colder as the temperature goes down. (Thermochemistry, Chem4kids)
Thermochemistry is widely used by scientist and engineers. For instances biochemists use thermochemistry to be able to understand bioenergetics, and chemical engineers apply thermochemistry to design manufactured plants. Chemical reactions involve the conversion of a set of substances, "reactants" to a set of substances collectively referred to as "products.” Combustion reactions are reactions in which a fuel combines with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. The heat associated with a chemical reaction depends on the pressure and temperature that the reaction is carried out. (Thermochemistry, Chemistry Explained)
An acid is a material that can release a proton or hydrogen ion or when a hydrogen ion in a solution is released. A base is when is a material that can donate a hydroxide ion or when hydroxide ion is released (Acid and Bases, Chemtutor 2013). These two ions determines if your solution is acid or base. To measure the acidic or basic in a solution scientist use a pH scale. pH focuses on the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. The scale measures from 0 to 14, acid are usually found from 0 to 7. Bases are found between 7 and 14, but most liquids are around 7. (Acid and Bases are everywhere, Chem4kids)
Every liquid has either acidic or basic traits.

Water can be both an acid and a base. It can be considered an acid in some reactions and a base in others. Water can even react with itself to form acids and bases. It happens in really small amounts, so it won't change your experiments at all. Most of the time, the positive and negative ions in distilled water are in equal amounts and cancel each other out. Those special ions in solution acidic or basic. There are so many acids in your body you have amino acids, in fruit there is citric acid, vinegar is an acid. But when you mix baking soda with water is becomes a basic solution. (Acid and Bases are everywhere,

Chem4Kids)
By the Arrhenius definitions acids release a hydrogen ion into water solution. They also neutralize bases in a neutralization reaction, and corrode active metals. Lastly acid can turn blue litmus to red and taste sour. By the same definition bases release a hydroxide ion into water solution, neutralize acids in a neutralization reaction, and denature protein. Bases unlike acid turn red litmus to blue and taste bitter. (Acid and Bases, Chemtutor 2013)