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Reflection about observational learning
Discussion of observational learning. essay
Applicability of Observational Learning
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1. Social observational learning is described by the text as being an active model. It involves observing a behavior of another person as well as observing the consequence to the behavior. The consequence can be either positive or negative and this type of learning can persuade the observer to behave the way the individual did also known as “vicariously learning” or not “vicariously punished” depending on if the consequence was positive or negative. An example the text gives is that there are two volunteers that participate in an experiment and first one volunteer observes another volunteer complete the experiment. The observer sees how there was a box placed in front of the other volunteer with a sign that stated “The Money Box. Take the Money …show more content…
Vicarious reinforcement is known as an increase in strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement if the behavior in the model. Such as one sibling doing chores and getting rewarded causes the sibling that was observing to do chores in order to get the reward and they do it more often because of the positive reinforcement. Vicarious punishment is the opposite which is the decrease of strength following punishment of the behavior in the model. (Chance, 2014).
4. “Observational learning is the same as imitation”. When we look at what observational learning is it seems to display some kind of imitation or the act of doing something the way one observed another person do but things one hasn’t seen done. An example to explain the definition of imitation is that for example having a child remove a toy from a jar. But first you remove the toy from the jar in front of the child doing many things, first hitting the top of the jar then tapping it with a feather and then twisting the top; most likely the child is going to imitate exactly what is observed you do. (Chance,
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One factor that affects observational learning is “Skilled vs. Unskilled model.” An example of this is having model who is really good at what they model and never mess up or those who are not pros at what they are modeling but succeed and miss sometimes. Such as learning how to throw free throws you can watch a professional basketball player shoot and also just a person who never played but make some baskets and also miss some baskets. Watching the skilled player, the observer learns what is required for positive results while watching the unskilled player you learn both what one would need to do to get positive results as well as what one should not do to avoid negative results. Another factor that affects observational learning is “Difficulty of the Task”. The more difficult the task the less learning occurs, but sometimes observing a model perform a difficult task improves likelihood of success. In the example of the children and the mats it explains how when there was a more complicated task children did better when they saw the task being performed than those who didn’t. A third factor that affected observational learning is “Consequences of Observed Acts”. An example of this is when children saw an adult hitting an inflated doll and getting praised for example “Good for you! I guess you really fixed him that time” and also some of the children watching the adult hit the same inflated doll but this time getting criticized. The children who observed the adult that
All of these theories have to do with the way children learn the instructions that are given to them. The “watch me” theory is when a teacher, parent, or caregiver say to the child that is learning “watch me” and shows them how to do the task. “ It is vitally important to support and encourage self-directed activities by the infant and young child. Even if those activities appear meaningless to us, they can have great purpose and significance for the child” (Elkind, 92). When a child is given an opportunity to create their own learning they will be able to understand more information around them. Next, is the “little sponge” theory is the idea that children can learn as fast as adults around them do. That is not true at all children learn at a lower level than adults and that is okay. They are pure to the world and are interested in the things that adults take for granted. Last, is the “look harder” theory which is pretty self explanatory. When children do not see what adults do, adults tell them to “look harder.” (Elkind, 99). Children see the world very differently then what adults see it. They have to learn so much when they are so young that they are becoming overstimulated and are wanting to give
One example of the “Social Learning Theory” is the Bobo doll experiment conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961. In this experiment children were either exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behavior or non-aggressive behavior towards the doll. When it came time for the children to interact with the doll, the children who were exposed to aggressive behavior were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior (Nolen, n.d.).
Observational learning is described as learning behaviors through watching others. Turkle shares a story based on this learning style. She says, "A 15-year-old boy told me that someday he wanted to raise a family, not the way his parents are raising him (with phones out during meals...) but the way his parents think they are raising him – with no phones at meals and plentiful family conversation" (Turkle Par. 5). The boy observed his family interactions around their phones and learned how it affected them, so he decided that he did not want to raise his family the same way.
1) To possess a sociological imagination means the ability to understand the interaction between biography and history, or the interplay of self and the world. My favorite food has to be broccoli. In order for broccoli to had been brought to the United States events had to have happened first. The Industrial Revolution led people to switch from making goods by hand to manufacturing goods, farmers were experimenting with new types of vegetables (broccoli). This historical event is the reason as to why now our current state of farming contains the planting of many different types of vegetables, and the accessibility of food engineering we now have today. Monsanto is an institution that has to function in order for vegetables to be available. Monsanto delivers agricultural products that support farmers all around the world. The meaning this
Observation allows researchers to experience a specific aspect of social life and get a firsthand look at a trend, institution or behaviour. It promotes good communication skills, improves decision making and enhances awareness.
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
The social psychological concept of observational learning plays a huge role in therapy. Observational learning is the process of learning new skills or behaviors by observing those of others. During therapy, the therapist will demonstrate an exercise to the individual while they observe and then have the patient complete the exercise themselves. This process is considered observational learning. Another way therapists progress their patient’s independence is through operant conditioning, or following a skill with a positive reaction to let the patient know that they have completed the task correctly or put forth their best effort. This conditioning process causes the patient to feel more confident and want to complete that task again to achieve additional positive reactions from the therapist. These learning techniques taken from social psychology play a huge role in therapy
By using observation method, a wide variety of behavior can be recorded. Picking through the garbage on the side of the road can reveal behaviors of fast-food customers, or sitting for only one hour in the university canteen can understand the gender differences in choosing (diet) meal, or even watching the customer’s behavior from deciding which yogurt to be taken off its store shelves in the supermarket can also answer the question: Are the customers be attracted by its appearance or flavor or price or brand or nutrition? The aim of this observation assignment is to evaluate and explain the different types of interactions between individual and groups present, as well as the environment in which these interactions take place. The field observation was conducted at the Vietnamese fast-food restaurant named “We love Banhmi” in Budapest, and the role adopted, was that of observer as a non-participant. Group structures as well as overall activity, patterns of behavior, and the duration and timing of such behaviors and interactions were observed and recorded. Sociological concepts pertaining to age, gender, and appearance were also noted and applied.
The social learning theory extends this by taking into account that we may see other people being rewarded or punished, and adapt our own behaviour accordingly. However, social learning theory and behaviorism does not take into account that people have thoughts. It assumes that we have no free will over what we do and only respond according to what we have previously been exposed to. It also concerns itself solely with observable behaviors. Social learning theory can therefore be improved by attempting to explain where our thoughts come from, and how they affect our
The social learning theory “states that behavior is learned from the environment through observational learning” (McLeod, 2011). For instance, I saw my mom getting ready for church and eventually I noticed that she put her hair in a ponytail only on Sundays. Furthermore, after seeing her do this so many times I began doing the same thing on Sundays. As a child, I observed her every move and I wanted to imitate her behavior. Through observational learning, I learned what was socially acceptable by watching my mother’s
Observational learning- one of my nieces always wanted to learn how to play Candy Land. She observed all the other kids who knew how to play, and eventually she learned how to play the game. However, when my nephew showed her how to play, he taught her how to cheat. He acted as a negative influence and untaught the correct way to play Candy Land.
Vicarious conditioning is learning the consequences of an action by seeing someone else complete the action and deal with the consequences. An example would be watching your friend get in trouble by your teacher for swearing in class. Witnessing a classmate get into trouble would teach an individual not to swear at school. There is also observational learning, which is learning by seeing and imitating behavior of other people. An example is learning how to do laundry by watching a parent do laundry. If an individual watches their parent prep the laundry load, load the washer, and then transfer the clothes to the dryer, they could mimic that and learn the behavior. I could utilize observational learning in my own situation, and teach Tori to pick her homework supplies up by constantly picking my own supplies up. She would observe me keeping the room clean and putting things away, and mimic my
then replicating the behavior that was observed. Observational learning is an important area inthe field of psychology because according to www.ncbi.nlm.nin.gov research in observational learning represents a critical development in the history of psychology. There are many learningtheories such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning which emphasize how direct experiences, reinforcements, and punishment lead to learning, but most learning happens indirectly by watching and imitating others. Observational learning is also referred to as shaping, modeling,
Bandura discusses the importance of observational learning. Bandura focuses mostly on how kids develop their habits based of their role models. Bandura shows this in the Bobo Doll Experiment. The Bobo Doll experiment consisted of 36 boys and 36 girls. They were then separated again into watching a video of a plastic doll called Bobo. Some children were separated by some adults aggressively beating up Bobo and the other half were calm adults. After they were showed the video, the kids were then shown to Bobo and the results matched the Social Learning Theory to the max. The kids that were show the aggressive videos were aggressive towards Bobo. Another Social Learning Theory can be told in my shoes because I have done something similar. I remember in fifth grade my older cousin would always ride his bike down the biggest hill without a helmet. I figured if he did and was okay, why can’t I? I learned the hard way and sliced my arm on a rock. Luckily I did not need stitches however, I did go to the doctors and got ointment for it. I still have the scar today. I feel like the Social Learning Theory has made an impact on my life because I have had the opportunity of having a role model. This role model has made a positive change to my life. Similar to Bobo, I have seen what negative role models have done for a person and how much it affects
Social perception is 1.“the cognitive process that helps us form impressions of those around us and subconscious attitudes towards other people based their defining characteristics which help to comprehend a situation and gauge our behaviour accordingly. Social perception can be the mental progression of picking up clues and signals from others that help us form an early stage of what they may be like. Our brains may rely on stereotypes or previous similar experiences to build a picture of what to expect from any given social encounter”