Morgan & Morgan (2001)
In this article Morgan & Morgan converse the effectiveness of single-participant research design. With the improvements of technology, a great deal of health care providers, and the FFS plans, in the 80s and 90s health care costs went up drastically. Along with that, health care providers have since been required to set in place effective interventions. Single-participant designs have a specific purpose and set-up, which poses for a limitation, but has a way of overcoming this issue.
Single-participant research has been used is psychology for quite some time. Although, it did take some time in the beginning to prove its worth, due to their differences from larger group designs. Ebbinghaus, Pavlov, and Skinner’s work (along with others) have been supportive of the single-participant research design. Throughout history, this design has demonstrated its effectiveness and continues today. With having a single-participant design, it allows the opportunity to repeat the measure, thus mirroring the aspects of group designs. The participant’s behavior is measured multiple times, giving the researcher peace of mind that what was measured is an
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This can be done by using an ABAB or reversal design. Although if this is unethical or if the individual cannot unlearn what was integrated into the intervention, another option to use would be the multi-baseline design. When graphing results, real-time graphs are used showing the occurrence of the behavior and the time at which that behavior is occurring. Although difficult, if a variable is completely under control, much better quality of data analysis can occur. Moreover, it may not be ideal to control everything, because some variables may be crucial for each individual behavior. Professionals involved in nursing and occupational and physical therapy utilize single-participant approaches when working one-on-one with their
Another confound that may impact the results of this study could be the testing effect. Repeated testing may lead to better or worse performance. Changes in performance on the test may be due to prior experience with the test and not to the independent variable. In addition, repeated testing fatigues the subjects, and their performance declines as a result (Jackson, 2012). Because the professor is interested in determining if the implementation of weekly quizzes would improve test scores, an experimenter and/or an instrumentation effect may also affect results.
However, when a control group was asked to write down answers separately and without having to voice them, 98% of the responses were correct. The supremacy of conformity was certainly present in Asch’s experiment. Two majorly crucial outcomes emerged from Asch’s research that transformed the field of psychology. First, the power of conformism had been officially and scientifically proven. Second, many other psychologists and scientists became motivated to continue experimenting with conformity.
The pretest-posttest design, crossover design, placebo, quasi-experiments (lack randomization but involve intervention and is usually found to be more acceptable to a broader group of people who are not always willing to be randomized in clinical trials). The RCT study known as the “gold standard” (for interventional studies, controlled and randomized for comparing a controlled and interventional group variable) and The Cohort (prospective) design research (analysis or the observational design with cohort, it starts with a recognized cause and then goes forward to the recognized effect). The clarification of the outcomes of the statistical analysis in quantitative research, understanding the research practice and the identification of the basis of evidence-based practice contained by the sections of research and critiques of that research. By graining an understanding of these steps and knowing how to rethink research and revise my views of the research will aid in success of my practicing these tactics (Polit, & Beck,
In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics we are given the Greek term Eudaimonia, its definition being a contented sate of being happy, healthy and prosperous. For Aristotle, Eudaimonia or happiness is our ultimate goal. Aristotle states that most people see happiness as something physical and this way of thinking is faulted because we do not have the appropriate image of a good life. He goes on to tell us that our view is faulted because most people are not virtuous. The reason for the deficiency in virtue found in society is that people are not thought virtue correctly from a young age. Aristotle believes that people can only reach their ultimate goal of happiness by living a virtuous life and making the right decisions. The quote given to us states
Limitations to this study could be seen in the size of the group of participants. Another limitation would be that only participants from one facility were interviewed.
In our Coats of Arms, shaking hands represents a good therapeutic relationship between patients and nurses. Arnold (2016) states that therapeutic communication is a process for clients and nurses to interact dynamically and recognize as well as produce certain goals with them. Therapeutic relationships include not only our clients but also the people related to them. Good therapeutic relationships can help nurses to build up Roy Daily Assessment Tool (RDAT) about their physiological-physical, self-concept, group identity, role function and interdependence that eventually helps nurses with nursing intervention and health care nurses. (Arnold, Bloggs, 2016). While communicating, nurses start to know more about our clients and establish trust. That notwithstanding, recognizing limitations to therapeutic relationship is necessary (Canning, 2007). In therapeutic relationships, there are a lot of boundaries that a nurse should not cross. If nurses cross those boundaries, unfairness is created with respect to other patients, and health care may become less effective. Continually displaying ideal therapeutic relationships is a crucial quality for
Social workers can use a single-subject design with a client to evaluate whether or not a certain intervention is achieving the desired outcome. The first step when utilizing a single subject design in clinical practice is to obtain the client’s baseline. A baseline is a control phase or the measurement of the client’s mental status or behavior before the intervention (cite textbook). One common single-subject design model is the ABA. This model includes one baseline phase (A), one intervention phase (B) and another baseline phase (B). The purpose of this design in social work practice is to help the social worker determine the effectiveness of the intervention on the
Although randomized controlled trials (RCT) are often a gold standard for determining intervention effects, quasi-experimental study designs were developed to provide another means of examining causality in situations not favorable to experimental controls and when complete control of a study is not possible (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013). The reason that this design was selected for this evidence-based practice proposal is that complete control of the study is not possible, and also random assignment to the intervention group cannot be accomplished due to the fact that not all patients may be willing to incorporate exercise into their weekly routine. A quasi-experimental design is more practical since the setting is multiple outpatient offices, which will study an intervention applied under real world circumstances and individual-level RCT designs are not suitable. The outcomes will be evaluated by obtaining baseline data on each study participant by collecting a fasting lipid panel. At the end of the study, another fasting lipid panel will be obtained to measure the change from the pre and post blood
Experimental designs are viewed as the most accurate, and most demanding of research designs, requiring strict attention to rules and procedures. Researchers use these research designs to manipulate and control testing procedures as a way to understand a cause and effect relationship. Commonly, independent variables are manipulated to judge or decide their effect on a dependent variable (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008).
This made it so that the experiment could focus on one person’s answer in comparison to a group where the researchers
A one-way ANOVA is used when the research wants to evaluate the differences between variables (Kirk, 1995; Jackson, 2012). For example, a study may evaluate the dif...
Planning or conducting a study requires research and a good design. “A good design, one in which the components work harmoniously together, promoting efficient and successful functioning; a flawed design leads to poor operation or failure” (Maxwell, 2013, p. 2). When conducting research, the research questions are the normal starting point. They are what drives the study and, therefore, the piece that controls the design which all other components must follow (Maxwell, 2013). With the research questions at the center of the design, unlike typical research models, the interactive model of research design is connected in such a way as to provide
Like any other science, psychology is concerned with theories and data. Psychologists use a wide range of research methods and techniques that allow them to gather and make sense of the data that they produce. The methods that psychologists use to research and analyse the experience and behaviours of individuals or groups are called psychological research methods. This essay will be investigating and analysing three research methods to include; experimental, observational and surveys, also, reflecting on their strengths and weaknesses of each in addition to their usefulness in the psychology field.
Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field. These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or techniques could be used in the evaluation of my proposed research; and discuss why linking analysis to study design is important.
Observation is essential for psychologists to get to know their clients. Examination consists of learning and understanding the way the client acts and thinks. While observing it is important to take mental notes and be aware of body language to see how the client reacts to certain questions and situations. There are many ways to do this, including case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. The case study examines an individual in depth, but often is in need for further study. “We must ask questions and look for answers within several different research methods.” (Plante, 2005) The survey looks at cases in less depth, but is used to estimate outcomes from a group of people. Naturalistic observation notes behavior in a natural environment, yet it does not explain behavior, it describes it. While observing, it is helpful to look for patterns and sequences because as Heffner stated “Order can be found in even the most random data.” (2001) Nevertheless, observation is important because before psychologists can explain what people do, they must first observe what it is that they do.